The Death Penalty Shall Stay

The United States is known for its big capital punishment or death penalty mentality. However, passions in the U.S. are sharply divided, and equally strong among both supporters and protesters of the death penalty. The death penalty in this country should not be eliminated though. First, death is the only just punishment for murderers. Second, life without parole is far more expensive than a death sentence. Lastly, capital punishment serves as a deterrent for future potential criminals. All in all, it is important that the death penalty remains in the United States. When a murderer is executed, the message to the criminal and society is that the crime he committed is so heinous; he forfeits his own right to live. Justice for All states that juries do not impose the death penalty loosely. They continue to explain that the death penalty is imposed with a sense of protection and justice, not revenge (Social Issues: Justice for All). The death penalty punishment is earned as a result of the pain and suffering the criminal has caused on the victim and the victim’s loved ones. â€Å"For some crimes, it represents the only just punishment available on earth† (Sharp). Also, our society has nonetheless steadily moved to more humane methods of carrying out capital punishment. Many opponents of the death penalty argue that the cost of capital punishment is about twice as expensive as life without parole punishments. Although the upfront costs for the death penalty are in fact higher than the costs for life without parole cases, this concept flips as the years pass. Justice for All states that life without parole cases will cost $1.2 million-$3.6 million more over time than equivalent death penalty cases (Sharp). Another factor that opponents of the death penalty fail to recognize is the cost that branches out of life imprisonment. Keeping these criminals alive in prison costs money whether it’s for the food, space, water for the showers, etc. So, why spend the money for murderers who don’t deserve it? Lastly, common sense later followed by piles and piles of statistics has proven that criminals often plead for a life in prison rather than death. In the past it was believed that the death of murderers 1) prevents future crime or misbehavior from the murderer and 2) discourages other future and/or potential murderers from committing crimes. In the present, Paul Rubin, a professor of economics and law at Emory University uses detailed statistical analysis of the available data on the deterrent effects of capital punishment. He and his colleagues concluded that each execution led to an average of eighteen fewer murders (Rubin). Not only has the death penalty rid us of criminals but it has the future effect of reducing the crime rate.

Tattoos and Piercings

A tattoo is a permanent mark or design made on your skin with pigments inserted through pricks into the skin’s top layer. During the procedure, a needle that’s connected to a small machine with tubes containing dye pierces the skin repeatedly (Mayo Clinic Staff). Tattoos are considered cosmetic and that is why tattoos are not regulated by the Federal Food and Drug Administration but local health departments. Even though tattoos and body piercing parlors are regulated by local health departments, there are risks involved due to unsanitary conditions that can cause disease. These risks are relatively uncommon even though tattoos and body piercing are very popular. Tattooing has been around for years and there are several reasons why people decide to get tattoos. Some people decide to get a tattoo that might reflect a loved ones name. They may want to pay tribute to a lost loved one or just might want to display their children’s names. Other people decide to get tattoos because they are a part of a gang and want to display their gang affiliation. Another reason could be to display religious beliefs, for example displaying Jesus or a Cross. Even though there are reasons people decide to get tattoos there are still risks involved. The next risk would be allergic reactions. Sometimes there are bumps that may appear around the tattooed area called Granulomas. These are especially common if you have used red dye in the tattoo. The Granulomas typically appear around an area of the body that perceives, such as particles of skin pigment. People may even have an allergic reaction years after receiving the tattoo. The last risk associated with tattooing and body piercing is infection. You can get Staphylococcus Aurcus â€Å"Staph† bacteria infection. Tattoos that are received at facilities that are not regulated by the local health department will also prevent you from being a blood or plasma donor for up to twelve months because of the risk of spreading infection. The most common problem associated with tattooing is dissatisfaction. Although tattooing and body piercing are popular now, in a few years they may be out of style. The tattoo or body piercing may have faded or became embarrassing. Even people who have received tattoos for cosmetic reasons have had trouble with the dye fading after a few years. The only way to correct the problem is to have the tattoo redone or to have it removed. Tattoo removal is very expensive and can be very painful. Not only that, but it can be hard to remove the tattoo completely. The idea of getting a tattoo or body piercing is very exciting. The risks and the facility the tattoo is being done needs to be researched. There are so many things that can go wrong although many of them are rare they can happen. Most people that have tattoos have multiple tattoos. The same goes for piercings. However, it is recommended one does research prior to getting them and is very aware of the procedure and about the tattoo parlor one chose. If these things are a concern there are temporary tattoos. These tattoos are not regulated by the Federal Food and Drug Administration or you local Health Department. If you are unsure if a tattoo is what you want then this may be the way to go. They can usually design anything you would want just like a tattoo artist would. These tattoos do wear off after a couple of days so you can test the tattoo to see if it is wanted permanently. These tattoos are performed at same the facilities that permanent tattoos are done. Temporary tattoos can be done almost anywhere even on a street corner because they are not regulated. There has been no research done on the side effects of temporary tattoos so they are done at the consumers own risk. Body piercings may be removed simply by removing the item used in the piercing. If the item is removed the hole will still be there but it is not visible. However, because the tongue is the quickest healing part of our bodies a tongue piercing does grow back quickly if the tongue ring is removed and left out. With body piercing it is very common to get infections at the piercing site. With body piercing the site has to be kept clean at all times especially in the tongue. There are a lot of bacteria in a person’s mouth due to all the things we eat and drink so it is important that this area is kept clean. There are people that really like tattoos and have their whole bodies covered as well as people in prisons that are in gangs. These people have decided that tattoos will be apart of their life forever. Men and Women in prison who are apart of a gang may not be able to make an informed decision but may have to get a tattoos to survive. People in gangs are the most likely to get a tattoo to show their gang affiliation. It is usually a matter of life or death. They get these tattoos for protection from other gangs in prison as well as on the streets. Please make an informed decision before taking part in either tattooing or body piercing because they can have a lasting effect on ones life. Tattooing and body piercing are very popular right now. There a lot of people doing it because it is a fad. This fad will eventually fade just like all of the other fads have. These tattoos are permanent and can effect ones future in the job industry. Works Cited http://mayoclinic.com/health/tattoos-and-piercings/MC00020

Antigone †Justice Essay

â€Å"Justice is like the kingdom of God; it is not without us as a fact, it is within us as a great yearning. † The notion of justice strongly resonates to what was mentioned in this quote by George Eliot. We all desire to live in a world that is fair and just but it is just beyond human’s aptitude because there are always two sides to every event and there is never complete justice for both. Every individual strive to have justice for various intentions and those in power often exploit the system of justice to mask their wickedness. In this prevailing civilization, there is no doubt that laws are enforced by people at the top of the social hierarchy. People of authority will establish laws that seem to be unbiased and fair in their eyes, believing that this is in the best interest of the country, but in actual fact it is far from that. An example of such a situation is present in the Ancient Greek tragedy, written by Sophocles, â€Å"Antigone†. In the play the decree given out by the new king Creon only served himself as it makes it illegal for Ismene and Antigone to burry and honor the brother, Polynices for the very last time. Creon wanted to have the sense of control over the city of Thebes,thus enforcing the law without contemplating the views of the family members as well as the citizens as it was stated by the chorus saying â€Å"But he that, too rashly daring, walks in sin†. â€Å"I do not defy them; but I cannot act Against the State. I am not strong enough†. Ismene, as much as she wanted to honor the brother, she could not. Creon despite knowing the importance of a formal burial for the Greeks, he chastised Antigone and Ismene for breaking the law. It is hard for leaders to genuinely apprehend the privation of the people them. Thus, laws that are introduced are predominantly to the benefit of those in power. The system of justice allows the majority to create the terms of justice and the ethics of the minorities will usually be treated as less significant, or completely disregarded. This can be seen in many societies with controversial issues. Euthanasia is a good example. The majority in Rusia,United Kingdom and Australia agrees that euthanasia is wrong and laws to punish those who assist others in suicide were instigated . In the case of Terri Schiavo who was a 41-year-old disabled woman in Florida was severely disabled for over 15 years, and been diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative . Due to the money and status this family had, they were able to carry out euthanasia but there were many cases where people were left to suffer and die naturally because they were underprivileged. Power and money governs the system of the world. Therefore, justice, being a fragment of the system, attends those of influence. In the political realm, authorized professional who are part of the formation of legislations are also those who have the power over the final verdict. The ultimate judgement in a court should be carried out by professionals who are chaste and neutral and not those who are a part of the making of the laws because their mind sets will bound to be influenced and skewed to their own likeness. This was shown in â€Å"Antigone† where the law was essentially created by Creon but he too had the highest power to decide whether Antigone and Ismene was going to punished or to be exonerated. And because Creon was so obsessed with the law that he created he made a very bias move by not looking at this situation from other perspectives but instead said â€Å" Take them, and keep them within- The proper place for women†. If the power of making the final decision was given to other people instead of Creon, Antigone and Ismene’s fate could have been altered. Indeed justice will place those in power as the priority if the people who judge had only one outlook. â€Å"Justice is sweet and musical; but injustice is harsh and discordant†. However, as much as human beings, especially the government aspire to be just and nondiscriminatory, it is impossible, because, justice is never an end to itself. Impartiality and justice is what we hope for but the truth is, nothing can gratify two parties and in most instances, the ones in supremacy will be at the winning end. This is an irrefutable, sad reality that we have no choice but to endure it.

Native son Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Native son - Research Paper Example In a time where racial discrimination was rampant, and the whites were the rich and the blacks poor in the social classification, a time where interracial dating was looked upon as impossible, a time when violence was rampant, a time when there were many uneducated black people, the story hence narrates the story of Bigger, a boy who grew up in this situation and shaped to become whom he turned to later (Sharma 89). The American culture shapes Bigger to become a vicious thief and murderer, fighting the authority, opposing white rule, and hating the whites for whom he becomes. In this essay, we shall be analyzing the theme of racial discrimination, social stratification and violence in relation to the character of Bigger and how they influenced his life events. Bigger’ character is as a result of racial discrimination that has been in existent in the American culture. Bigger believes that he is where he is because of the oppressive force placed on his by the white people. He fears and yet hates the white people as they control, how blacks move, live, interact and work in the society. Full of hatred, Bigger does not want in the first place to work for Mr. Dalton because he is white. He prefers to work with his fellow black people to steal from other black citizens. Bigger is intimidated by seeing white people, though he had never stolen from them because of the fear he had. According to Bloom (23) he describes Richard to have used Bigger to bring out the issue of racism just like it exists in American culture. Racism is rampant to a point where the children born from the white and black race, know it exists, and do everything possible to avoid being caught in between. Bigger has never had a white girlfriend all his life, and is shock ed when he sees other black activists, Jan, dating Mary, Mr. Dalton’s daughter. Racial relationship is something which is not accepted by the society in America based on the hatred between

The CSR Benchmarks and Models of the Cooperative Bank Essay

The CSR Benchmarks and Models of the Cooperative Bank - Essay Example The broadest aim of the social responsibility is to create higher and even higher standards of living, while maintaining the corporations’ profitability, for people in and outside the corporation (Line 2012, p.10). CSR becomes classified in a number of ways; Environmental protection The main focus of CSR is to find a sustainable solution for the natural resources use, to help reduce the company’s impact on its environment. Over the couple number of years, environmental responsibility has grown to include more than the compliance with all appropriate government regulations, or participating in energy efficiency. A number of companies and environmental organizations define environmental responsibility as including, comprehensive move to a firm’s operations, goods and facilities that also include; assessing the products of the company, processes and the services; removing waster and other emissions; utilizing the efficiency and the subsequent productivity of the ent ire assets and resources (Frankental 2001, p.21). Labor security These contain freedoms of association and the subsequent recognition of the right to the collective bargaining, the removal of all types of forced labor. It also entails the abolition of child labor and removal of discrimination in line with employment and occupation (McWilliams & Siegel 2001, p.18). Human rights Business practices can affect significantly the dignity and rights of the workers and the community. The focus is, to develop a job environment free from discrimination and a place where the creativity and learning can improve the appropriate codes of professional conduct, and where a correct balance can be maintained between jobs and other areas of the employees’ lives. Behaving in an irresponsible way on human rights issues can detrimental because the reputation of the firm is on the line. The issue is also related to the issue of globalization and ever increasing global trade, and the problems of fin ding methods of doing business globally that respect the human rights and facilitate the growth of emerging economies. Nations become required to upheld, support and protect human rights to their levels of influence. Paying the employees a living wage and giving them protection from harassment may cost more in the short run, but it vastly increases the workers morale and reduces turnover increasing profits in the future. Therefore, socially responsible management practices can increase the firms’ level of profits (Carroll 2000, p.16). Community involvement It involves community partnership, global community involvement, employee giving, service donations and volunteerism. Corporate, community involvement is a number of actions undertaken by the firms to improve the impact of their activities, in the communities that they operate. When correctly executed, these activities not only bring immense importance to the recipients’, but will also improve the reputation of the o rganizations and their brands, goods and values in the communities where they have interests in, as well as globally (Greenfield 2004, p.20). Business Standards They cover a number of corporate events like; ethics, environmental protection, financial returns and human rights. The growth of international trade and communication has led an increasing pressure from a number of groups, for the formation of world business conduct standards (McWilliams & Siegel 2001, p.18). Early models of CSR have developed since 1960s,

Economic and Social Determinants of Infant Mortality in Developing Essay

Economic and Social Determinants of Infant Mortality in Developing Countries - Essay Example It also aims at reducing health disparities in the developing countries, and a very important indicator of economic development. Neonatal mortality rates are particularly responsive to procedures in the course of the pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period, as well as the care given to infants and their mothers. Postneonatal mortality rates are contemplated to be determined to largely by parental circumstances such as the care provision and their socioeconomic position. Studying mortality rates will help policy makers to come up with ways of reducing the infant mortality rates. For example, if one of the leading causes of infant mortality is lack of healthcare to women, policy makers can come up with methods of providing healthcare for pregnant women. Every day, millions of lives of infants are lost around the world. However, 80% of these deaths can be avoided if the right measures are taken. Studying the infant mortality rates helps the government, hospitals and other relevant a gencies come up with new ways of preventing reducing the infant mortality rate. It will also help to improve the current prevention methods. Infant mortality is not only caused by biological factors but also social and economic factors. Studying the causes of infant mortality will help doctors and scientist to come up with new ways of controlling the biological causes of infant mortality. This will also provide them with ideas on how they can improve the quality of medicine. This study will begin by a review of literature, to establish the evidence that other authors have found regarding this topic. An empirical study will follow, whereby two models will be analyzed using regression analysis statistical methods. The results of the statistical analysis will be reviewed, and a conclusion will be made. As study focusing on Croydon’s infant mortality, was conducted by Ghosh and Alves (2011), whereby they found that newborn

Lab report paraphrase Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Lab Report Example In addition to that, the same outputs must conclude in each of the NAND and BOR circuits. The properties were tested at the time of functional simulation, and proven during the hardware testing when the light on the FPGA board was programmed to turn on given there was an output of 1. The timing delay was also tested through the timing simulation. The outcome of the waveform was that it worked successfully the way it was supposed to. The design of the three circuits was made as an RTL schematic and each of the circuits had specific settings as it’s shown in figure 1.1. The second step was to transfer the three circuit’s design through USB to the FPGA for them to be tested as to whether they work properly or not. For Y1, Y2, and Y3 (as shown in Figure 1.2), 16 possibility variables were included. The graph as represented in Figure 1.3 is called the functional simulation. The functional simulation graph reveals the output results of the given variables of the functions. This simulation occurs in such a way that bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Inclusively, the graph proves the assertion that NAND and BOR circuits have the same outcome (i.e. Give the same output). As shown in Figure 1.4, the function variables are represented in a timely interval and there variations with time. As a result the representation information that is accrued from the circuit can be obtained accordingly within the graph. Following the same logic as per the functional simulation, the bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Of importance to note is that the graph also reveals propagation delay that occurs each time variables go through the logic gates in the timing simulation. By thoroughly following the steps as in the lab manual provided, the three

C2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

C2 - Essay Example The K-12 reform in education was a significant move towards improvement in the country’s higher education system (Bahry and Marr, 2005). It was meant to promote post-secondary education through scholarships, which are important in supporting the students who might be ambitious and capable to learn but are unable to pay the tuition fees. There were also strategies aimed at promoting higher education in Qatar to world class level, which included encouraging prestigious global institutions to establish in the country. Qatar University was restructured to conform to the modern requirements of higher education institutions. In all the reforms, women and men were accorded equal opportunities for education. Affirmative action encouraged women to take advantage of the reforms, which led to the emergence of an educated population of women ready to take up challenging roles in healthcare, legal profession, business and other economic activities (Goldman et al. 2007). Without limitations as to the sex that should be educated, boys and girls are competing on equal grounds, which have made it possible for women to outcompete men in higher education. Bahry and Marr (2005) noted that there is high retention of girls in schools than it is for boys. The number of girls who are completing secondary level is therefore higher than boys. Moreover, studies indicate that girls are passing exams without special treatment (Planning Council, 2005). Opportunities for boys are many since some employers are still clinging to the conventional believes, which might be the reason for boys to discontinue with education in favor of unskilled labor. On the other hand, such tendencies are motivating girls to continue to higher education for the reason that there are no employment opportunities for them in the unskilled low paying labor intensive jobs. The women who are therefore joining various professions in the country are

Economic Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic Forecasting - Essay Example The telecommunication network also allows individuals in one institution to search databases, including library catalogues, in any other institution’s computer that has been made available for such use (Carnot, Koen, Tissot, & Carnot, 2011). Non-print media is also a resource that can be used in gather historical data, as well as economic forecasting data. CDs, videodisks among other resources provide large storage space for information and thus can be used to retrieve economic information stored as well as store the information being gathered. Print media such books, journals, magazines, as well as newspapers, are important resources to use while gathering economic forecasting. Books written by an economist in the past can be useful in studying the history of economic thoughts that were used in the past to help explain various economic trends (Higgins, 2011). Newspapers always have resourceful economic articles written by a knowledgeable economist. Since newspapers are produced on a daily basis, they would provide sufficient and current information that would be helpful in economic forecasting. The dialogue could also be resourceful while gathering information on the economic history of economics, as well as economic foresting. Face to face interviews with economists and other key players in the economy could complement information gathered from internet print and non-print media (Carnot et al.,

No Smoking Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No Smoking Employees - Essay Example Furthermore, a smoking employee’s health plan and insurance premiums are higher compared to non-smokers. This means higher health care and medical costs for the employers. Moreover, employers are also concerned about the risk of second hand smoke on their non-smoking employees. This could also result in higher medical costs for them, so they would not like to expose their other employees to the health hazards of second hand smoke. Employers perceive hiring smokers as going against their clean indoor air policy. In most areas, refusal to hire smokers does not constitute unlawful discrimination. Federal law prohibits employers from discriminating against any individual in hiring because of that individual’s race, color, religion, sex, national origin, citizenship status, age, and disability. In addition, state law also prohibits discrimination in hiring based on height, weight, and marital status. This means that employers can discriminate against smokers because they do not belong to the â€Å"protected group†. Other employers do not hire smokers because they believe that employment requires a high level of physical fitness which means that good health is an essential asset for any job (ASH, par.12).

Week Two LT Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week Two LT Assignment - Essay Example By integrating the quality program to the core process of their manufacturing of CD changers, BJB will be able to produce durable components. The products target market already exists; hence the main issue with the product is durability and better sound quality for vehicles. High end CD-changers should be of appropriate size saves on power and has the appeal for various car markers. Cost effectiveness would be applied by using affordable and durable electronic parts from countries like Japan. The recommended quality management approach to use for various projects is a Quality Philosophy methodology. This method is beneficial; firstly, because it guides and influences the way directors of the company applies strategy and innovation (Hoyle, 2008). By reducing staff turnover and improving quality assurance, this approach can be deemed most appropriate. Additionally, the organization will be in a position to motivate itself to meet their clients’ demand of quality products and services. A quality philosophy system will help BJB to enhance their productivity by engaging the organization divisions and the external contributors like suppliers and lenders. This usually creates a culture of continuous innovation in problem solving of technical matters. In conclusion, by adopting this philosophy, BJB can easily adapt to the ever consumer needs and this will promote efficiencies and quality on higher level (Hoyle, 2008). This is the basis of creating excellence and a healthy team that not only promotes business success but also sustains continuous

Human Elements In Administration Essay Example for Free

Human Elements In Administration Essay People are the most important element in an organization whether it’s a business enterprise, a school, an army or hospital. School administrator and supervisors must be prepared to deal effectively with the people involved because they have the most difficulty in understanding and dealing with the human elements of administration. The administrator must understand certain fundamental concepts of motivation. He must have an insight into the nature of authority and influence. And most of all, he must have the ability to analyze specific problems and to carry out his intentions successfully. Technical skills, administrative skills and human skills are the three kinds of skills a successful administrator must possess. * Technical Skills – pertains to methods, techniques and processes. * Administrative Skills – ability to see the organization as an entity and the interrelationship of its various parts * Human Skills – refers to the ways of dealing effectively with people. 3 Distinct elements: *Skill in understanding the basic human forces active in the organization. *Skill in analyzing complex human situations. *Skill in implementing a plan of action. It is said that man is a wanting animal. As soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appears in its place. Man’s needs are organized in a series of levels or a hierarchy of importance according to the theory of Maslow. Psychological needs to be alive and to stay alive. Safety needs to feel safe from accidents or pain, from competition or threat. of his behaviour. Ego needs relate to one’s self – esteem and one’s reputation. Self – fulfilment needs for continued self – development, for realizing one’s own potentialities. Understanding basic needs of an individual is important for the administrators and supervisors because deprivation of those needs has behavioural consequences on the part of one’s individual. It is also important to understand because of the fact that an individual whose lower level needs are satisfied, he is not any longer motivated to satisfy his psychological and safety needs. Rather, he shifts towards the satisfaction of the other needs in the hierarchy. Unless there are opportunities at work to satisfy these needs, the individual is deprived and his consent behaviour will reflect the deprivation. A New Theory of Management Proposition on the theory of new management’s task by McGregor harnessing human energy to organizational requirements are stated as follows: 1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise – money, materials, equipment and people – in the interest of economic needs 2 A process of directing peoples efforts, motivating, controlling their actions and modifying their behaviour to fit the needs of the organization 3. It is the responsibility of the management to recognize and develop the individual’s potential for development, his capacity for assuming responsibility, his readiness to direct behaviour toward organizational goals. 4. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation in order to achieved desired goals and objectives. New theory of management relies on self – control and self – direction; it treats people as a matured adults and it is management by objectives, Advantages 1. it does not involve the relinquishing of leadership, the abdication of management or the lowering of standards 2 it is a process of creating opportunities, encouraging growth, releasing potential, removing obstacles and providing guidance Some applications of the new theory: 1. Decentralization and Delegation – freeing people from too close control of conventional organization. 2. Job Enlargement – encourages the acceptance of responsibility at the bottom of the organization. 3. Participation and Consultative Management – people are encouraged to direct their own creative energies towards organizational objectives and giving them some voice in decisions. 4. Performance Appraisal – individuals are involved in in setting targets and objectives for himself and in a self evaluation of performance semi – annually or annually. Close supervision tends to be associated with high productivity, general supervision with high productivity. The importance of supervising subordinates as a group are as follows: a.) discuss work problems with the group, b.) group performs well even when the supervisor is absent, c.) foster teamwork and group loyalty and d.) involves group participation in making decisions. THE ADMINISTRATOR OF SCHOOL FINANCING The welfare of the state depends largely upon the education of its citizens. Filipino people recognized the importance of sending children to school whenever and wherever possible. Our leaders and framers of Constitution see to it that the Magna Carta contains a provison that the state should establish and maintain a complete and adequate system of education and provide at least free primary for all education of school age. Since school population keeps on growing and the salaries of the teachers are keep on increasing, more and more funds are needed. However, present financial capability becomes inadequate and need to augment financial resources to keep up with increasing educational needs. In general, the sources for government income for education are the following: 1. Taxes imposed by law for the support of the government such as the real – property tax, specific tax, and import and export taxes. 2. Tuition fees imposed on students in public high schools, vocational schools, regional normal schools, and chartered colleges and universities. 3. Matriculation fees collected from public secondary school students, vocational schools, and chartered colleges and universities. There were also a matriculation fee charged in the intermediate grades but the fee was abolished by R. A. 4092 effective the school year 1964 – 1965. 4. Rental for lease of school sites and sales of schools products. 5. Land grants and donations. 6. Voluntary contributions. 7. Special fees such as miscellaneous fees charged from college students for entrance, registration, library, athletics, and laboratory, medical and dental clinics, school paper, diplomas, graduations and R.O.T.C. Support for Elementary Education The Educational Act of 1940 which nationalized the support of all elementary schools in municipalities and municipal districts saved the situation for the poor communities. The Educational Act of 1940 forbids the collection of tuition fees in the intermediate grades although it permits the matriculation fees in an amount to be determined by the President not exceeding two pesos for each pupil enrolled in the intermediate grades in municipalities and municipal district. The proceeds from this matriculation fee accrue to the fund of the National Government to purchase of library books and equipment and 40% for financing athletic activities in the intermediate grades. While the acquisition of school sites and construction of temporary school buildings remain the responsibility of the local governments. The law abolished the share of municipalities and municipal districts in the internal revenue collections, percentage taxes on the agricultural products and income tax. Support for Public Secondary Schools The financial support for the maintenance and operation of public secondary schools provided for by the provincial and city governments. Generally, the majority of provinces do not have adequate funds to support the schools properly. This deficiency in finances gives occasional difficulty in the payment of secondary teacher’s salary. The sources of provincial income are the following: 1. Internal revenue allotments from the national government. 2. Share from local taxes. 3. Fees from services rendered. 4. Income from miscellaneous receipts. Support for secondary schools 1. Tuition and matriculation fee levied by the Provincial Board on all high school students 2. Board uses parts of its general fund in case of shortage or the Board passes a resolution increasing the rate of tuition 3. Through the enactment of R. A. No. 3478, the National Government has been granting annual national aid to general provincial and municipal high schools beginning with the school year 1963 – 1964, primarily intended for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel 4. Voluntary contributions and donations by private individuals and civic organizations Support of barrio experimental high school, the Bureau of Public Schools in its Memorandum No. 86, issued on August 1, 1966, states as follows: 1. The tuition fee to be charged should not be less than â‚ ±80.00 a year. 2. 50% of the 10% real estate tax proceeds allotted to barrios in accordance with the revised Barrio Charter should be set aside and used solely for the improvement of instruction in the barrio high schools. No amount accruing from this fund should be spent for salaries of teachers and other school personnel. 3. All feeder barrios should share the expenses for the improvement of instruction, the share of each to be proportionate to the number of students from the feeder barrios attending barrio high school. 4. All resolutions of the barrio councils regarding the funding of barrio high schools should be approved by the Municipal Council concerned. Support of Public Schools in Chartered Cities 1. Tuition fees and city funds   2. National Government allots lump sums as aid to cities for their educational needs. 3. National aid for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel. The law was amended by R.A. No. 4128so as to include all city high schools except Manila and Quezon City. Support of Vocational Schools Vocational schools usually come under two categories – the provincial trade school and the provincial agricultural school. The source of income comes from the national contribution, tuition and other fees and income from school products. The so – called rural high schools which are agricultural in nature are jointly supported by the provinces and municipalities and the National Government. Support of Normal Schools Regional normal schools are also national like the vocational schools. There are still seven regional normal schools located in strategic places in the country serving the needs of the students in the surrounding places. Sources of income of these schools are national contribution and tuition fees. The city or municipality where they are located may also appropriate funds for the normal training department. Support of Special Schools The Philippine Nautical School located in Pasay is supported entirely by the National Government which offers courses for employment as merchant marine officers. The School for the Deaf and Blind under the Bureau of Public Schools is supported by the government with occasionally aid from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes. Support of Chartered Government Colleges and Universities The support of chartered government institutions like University of the Philippines comes from the tuition and matriculation fees of students and comes from national funds appropriately annually by Congress. Special aids for the construction, repair and improvement of the buildings are given in special legislation or taken from the pork barrel fund. The tendency of the request by these institutions is to increase every year. Thus, the burden of the National Treasury for the support of these schools keeps on increasing. Other Agencies in helping the Financing of Public Schools A number of foreign agencies give some material aid to the schools aside from the National Government. Among these agencies are the following: * AID – NEC – provided in 1966 appropriations for buildings including the constructions of dormitories and also for typewriters, mimeographing machines and professional books for the Bureau of Public Schools. * UNICEF – gave aid in kind such as educational kits, globes, tape recorders, laboratory equipments and vehicles. * The American Foundation for Overseas Blind – donated Braille type writers, paper headsets, etc. * The Pilot Applied Nutrition Project (Bayaribang) – is a joint venture of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These entities gave help in the form of technical services, training stipends, vehicles for supervision and various types of supplies and equipments for kitchen, laboratory and agricultural uses. * The Agency for International Development (AID), National Economic Council (NEC), and the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) – jointly undertook a textbook production project which started on July 1, 1960 and terminated on June 30, 1965 to help solve the problem of lack of textbooks. The project was expected to print and distribute around 25 million of copies of textbooks within a 5-year period at an estimated cost about â‚ ±59.5 million. Support for Private Schools All private schools, colleges and universities derive their income mostly from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees from students. There is no law prescribing the maximum rate of tuition fees so there is no uniformity and limit in the tuition fees being charged by private schools. Quality schools with good standards among the religious institutions charge relatively higher rates than the ordinary schools. Some of the religious schools are partly supported from their properties. Some non-sectarian schools operating specially for profit charged comparatively lower tuition fees and even permit their students to pay on easy instalments to attract as many students as possible.

Hitlers Foreign Policies

Hitlers Foreign Policies Ultimately Hitlers determination to transform European society brought war and destruction to Europe in 1939. Though not necessarily the war he was planning for; evidence suggests that Hitler was preparing Germany for conflict with Russia. This indication would consist of economic output towards the end of the 1930s for example, according to Anthony Wood in Europe 1815-1945, the output of steel in 1935 stood at 16.1 million metric tonnes; this by far out produced the superpowers steel industry and could imply the planning for military conflict. Hitlers policies based on lebensraum and the establishment of a racial empire on East European and Russian soil were without doubt ruthless, but did they make the Second World War unavoidable? The extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable has constantly been under contention. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average western leader, and the Second World War was at the fault of many rather than solely Hi tlers foreign policy. According to Ian Kershaw, Hitler defines his foreign policy as the art of securing for a people, the necessary quantity and quality of lebensraum Deflated from the effects of The Treaty of Versailles, German economy was crippled, the army was reduced, and they suffered from loss of Land. Germany was desperate to revoke the Treaty which brought it to its knees, and unite all German speaking countries. In protest, Hitler began a course of secret conscription, written in Mein Kampf, Hiter justified this action, Especially your people, doomed to languish along unarmed beneath the thousand eyes of the Versailles peace treaty' This action can be seen as a trigger, contributing to making the Second World War inevitable as surrounding countries felt threatened by Hitler and his determination to reverse the damages of the Treaty of Versailles. Another breach of the Treaty Hitler was able to embark on was his creation of the Air force the Luftwaffe, Taylor agrees that th e treaty is a cause of the war, Second world war was cause by the first world war, the armistice, or the Versailles treaty. Mein Kampf is a crucial element into understanding the reasons behind Hitlers foreign policy, and being able to assess if they made the Second World War inevitable. Introduced within the text, Hitler establishes the need to achieve aims in which he sees as vital to the success of the Third Reich. Hitler sought to destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after the defeat in World War One. Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view. Uniting all German speakers together in one country would strengthen Germany, as after World War One there were Germans living in many countries spread across Europe. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland. Finally, Hitler wanted to expand his ideology and population into the East to gain land and vital resources for German y, for example the tank producing factories in Czechoslovakia would prove vital if Hitler was planning for war. By signing non-aggression pacts, Hitler gave the impression he had peaceful intentions which would prevent a war. For example the alliance with the Poles, who felt threatened should Germany attempt to win back the Polish Corridor. This could suggest a triumph for Hitler, as it was evidence of peaceful negotiations which would give reason for Britain to follow a policy of appeasement. Moreover this ensured Hitler was guaranteed Polish neutrality whenever Germany should move against Austria and Czechoslovakia. However, according to John Weitz in his book Hitlers diplomat, Hitler had mentioned a definite solution to the Donzig and corridor problems. This questions if Hitler had an overall plan to attack Poland. Neville Chamberlains policy of appeasement could be seen as a mistake which eventually contributed to the Second World War as, Appeasement was partly the result of a h istory lesson too well learned. After The First World War, Europe was left devastated. Chamberlain was keen to avoid another war and sympathised with Hitler and the severity of the Treaty of Versailles upon Germany. Hitler was able to exploit Britain, as he knew they would appease and compromise with Hitler to avoid another War. Thus Hitler could fulfil his aims without the threat of immediate military intervention, Taking full advantage of appeasement the Nazis moved swiftly to annex German Austria in March 1938. The naval agreements between Britain and Germany reiterate the failure of appeasement and its role in contributing to the Second World War, Both Britain and France were reluctant to take stronger stands against German rearmament for fear that this would give the Germans all the more reason to refuse to cooperate in international efforts to maintain peace. Hitler was able to build up strength of the Navy and the Air Force. Foreign Policy encompassed the importance of racia l purity and the need for a nation to be prepared to compete with its neighbours in a fierce, uncompromising and constant struggle to survive and expand into Eastern Europe. Present in Mein Kampf, this expansion was to give extra living space to the Aryan Master Race. For example, Hitler discusses that Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil The occupation of Russia would ultimately give him living space which would provide resources for the German population and an area, in which the excess German population could settle and colonise. An additional advantage Hitler saw was that communism would be destroyed. Most historians are in cohesion that Hitler and his foreign policy caused the Second World War, However, A.J.P. Taylor, claims that Hitler never intended a major war and at most was prepared for only a limited war against Poland. Ho wever this claim is widely rejected throughout the differing interpretations. Germanys constant rhetorical on Russia is crucial to the debate. Russia was rich in raw materials such as oil which is vital for any country planning to wage war. Through realisation that Russia would solve internal problems, strengthen it militarily, and enable Germany to become economically self-sufficient by adding food and other raw material sources, The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact is essential within this argument. The Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union had its advantages for both countries involved. The pact meant that Germany was safe from threat of Russia and communism, but in a secret appendix Eastern Europe was divided into German and Soviet spheres of influence, fascism was safe from destruction whilst this bided time for Russia to prepare for a war. Realising the strength of the French Empire and their colonies, Hitler saw Russia as a temporary ally, until this pact was b roken when Hitler invaded Russia in 1941. Another alliance signed was the Rome Berlin Axis, surrounding countries such as Poland were threatened as the aims of this threatened as territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and the overthrow of the post-World War I international order; and to stop the spread of communism throughout Europe. The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany revealed to Hitler the weaknesses of the allies decision making and tested how far they would be pushed before they would intervene with military action. The events leading up to the union revealed fragments in the Foreign policy of Britain and France who yet again did nothing to protest Hitlers aggressive foreign policy British attitudes were a key factor in the other problem Taylor cites, unity. It also it dealt a severe strategic blow at Czechoslovakia which could now be attacked from the south as well as from the West and North. Another example in which Hi tler recognised is the Abyssinian crisis which Britain and France failed to react towards Mussolini It had already been manifested in their reluctance to wage a full scale economic war on fascist Italy during the Abyssinian crisis, this gave Hitler the opportunity to remilitarize the Rhineland, free from threat from the other western powers, Hitlers coup in the Rhineland the vacillating recognisable pattern of weakness Hitler had given the instruction that if they met any resistance, to withdraw however none was met, And France made no move. This shows the allies as inconsistent, and seemed to be more interested in their own domestic policy rather than foreign policy, most people had the failures of their own government and the everyday worries of trying to cope with economic misery. The Hossbach Memorandum can be used as evidence that Hitler had planned for war and revenge, which would therefore suggest that Hitlers hostile foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable. Thr ough this memorandum Hitlers motives becomes clear. The aim of German policy was to preserve the racial community and gain space; this is mentioned within his works, Mein Kampf. Germany used an aggressive foreign policy force to secure the goals, his successes in foreign policy down to 1938 derived in the main from this bullys intuition, coupled with his instinctive gamblers risk This memorandum has two confliction interpretations, There have been two interpretations of this memorandum, Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that this was Hitlers scheme for war, The Second World War was Hitlers personal war in many senses. He intended it, he prepared for it, he chose the moment for launching it whereas A.J.P. Taylor disagrees and suggests Little can be discovered so long as we go on attributing everything that happened to Hitler In conclusion, the extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable is open to much debate. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average w estern leader and the foreign policy he shaped would have been similar to that of any other German leader. The Treaty of Versailles acted as a catalyst which ultimately created more problems than in solved. Taylor argues that it was the fault of many events and different leaders, whereas other historians such as Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that Hitlers foreign policy was fully intent on making the Second World War inevitable. The allies took a stance of non intervention, which could be argued as too little action too late, their policy of appeasement had failed and with it the League of Nations. The evidence put forward would suggest that the aggressive stance in foreign policy that Hitler portrayed was ultimately the last straw in a series of events and different circumstances which led to the destruction of the Second World War.

Hemispheric Specialization: Effects of Drugs on the Brain

Hemispheric Specialization: Effects of Drugs on the Brain NANA KOFI BONSU AKUFFO LANCASTER UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION The human body is divided into many parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2.75 pounds. The brain is made up of many cells, and I the centre of the body. The brain sends messages to all the other parts of the body (â€Å"The Human Brain.† 123HelpMe.com. 19 Feb 2015). The human brain is seen to be in a spherical form. A hemisphere is half of a sphere, so this means, the brain divided into two parts or hemispheres. There is the right and the left. These hemispheres appear to be identical, but closer examination reveals that they are highly specialized regions that serve different functions. The left hemisphere enables our ability to express ourselves in language. In over 95% of right-handed people the left hemisphere is dominant for speech. The figure is somewhat lower for left hander’s, approximately 70%, but still highly significant. The left hemisphere is better than the right at recognizing sequences of words and letters. It controls our logic, our reasoning, and our analytical thought processes. It can focus on details, however it has difficulty comprehending the whole picture. The perceptual functions of the right hemisphere are more specialized for the analysis of space and geometrical shapes and forms, elements that are all present at the same time (not so sequential like language). The right hemisphere is the creative half, it can see the whole out of parts, that is allowing us to connect puzzle parts together. The right hemisphere also plays an important role in the comprehension of emotion. However, the control of drug intake from childhood stages to late adulthood increases gradually in life. Even for medical purposes, the intake of drugs may not just help a patient recover but can also have other negative side effects that later on in life reveal themselves. Drugs affect brain pathways involving reward, that is, the dopamine system in the reward pathway. Within seconds to minutes of entering the human body, drugs cause dramatic changes to synapses in the brain. LITERATURE REVIEW Hemispheric specialization refers to the study of cognitive functions, dividing them up by the hemisphere of the brain responsible for them (www.ask.com/ science/define-hemispheric-specialization). Cognitive function refers to a person’s ability to process thoughts.  Cognition  primarily refers to things like memory, the ability to learn new information, speech, and reading comprehension. In most healthy individuals the  brain  is capable of learning new skills in each of these areas, especially in early childhood, and of developing personal and individual thoughts about the world. The brain has two halves orhemispheres. The two sides look like mirror images. This is calledbilateral symmetry. The wordbilateralmeans two-sided, while symmetrymeans the two sides look the same. So bilateral symmetry refers to the fact that the brain consists of two halves that are nearly mirror images of each other. Some function locations vary depending on the dominant hand of the patient. In general terms, literary functions are focused in the left hemisphere, particularly in right-handed people, while creative and figurative functions center in the right hemisphere. Also well-known is that the brain isâ€Å"cross-wired†, with theleft hemisphere controlling movement on theright side of the body, and theright hemispherecontrolling theleft side of the body. Most, but not all, of the different structures, lobes and organs of the brain have a left and right hemisphere element, andcommunication between the hemispheresis achieved by means of a thick bundle of nerve tissues known as thecorpus callosum, which effectively makes a full brain out of two half-brains. HANDEDNESS AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING It was the French physiologistPaul Brocain the 1860s (as well as his less well-known countryman and near contemporary,Marc Dax, almost 30 years earlier) who noted that, at least in general terms, a person’s handedness tends to indicate aspecialized hemisphere on the brains opposite side, so that a right-handed person probably has a left-hemispherelanguage specialization, andvice versa. Indeed, for almost a century, until theWada test(a technique involving the anaesthetizing of one side of the brain using a drug such as sodium amytal or sodium amobarbital) was introduced in the 1960s, a person’s handedness was just about the only clue an operatingneurosurgeonhad about which hemisphere of a patient’s brain was probably the one specialized for language. Following Brocas findings, it was initially assumed thathandedness and the hemispheric dominance of speech processing were inextricably and intimately connected. However, it soon became apparent, even to Broca, thatexceptions and mismatches existed, and that perhaps the association wasnot as fixedas he had initially thought. Although the incidence of right-hemisphere language dominancedoesincrease more or less linearly with the degree of left-handedness, it turns out to be not quite as simple as that. In fact, after the work of Springer Deutsch, Damasio Damasio, and others in the 1990s, we now know that, although about 95% of right-handersdo haveleft-hemisphere dominance for language functions, only around19% of left-handershave right-hemisphere language dominance, with another20%or so processing language functions inboth hemispheres(the incidence of language distribution inambidextrous peopleis broadly similar to that found in left-handed people). Other studies report percentages for left-handers of 70%, 15% and 15% (rather than 61%, 19% and 20%), but the finding all suggest that, perhaps unexpectedly, some60% 70% of left-handers process language in the left hemisphere, just like right-handers. Indeed, around 93% of all people have left hemisphere language dominance (http://www.rightleftrightwrong.com/brain.html). One half-brain is not â€Å"logical† and the other â€Å"intuitive,† nor is one more â€Å"analytical† and the other more â€Å"creative.† Both halves play important roles in logical and intuitive thinking, in analytical and creative thinking, and so forth. All of the popular distinctions involve complex functions, which are accomplished by multiple processes, some of which may operate better in the left hemisphere and some of which may operate better in the right hemisphere, but the overall functions cannot be said to be entirely the province of one or the other hemisphere. And far from having separate lives, the two halves work together. They are not isolated systems that compete or engage in some kind of cerebral tug-of-war; one is not an undisciplined child, the other a spoilsport that throws schoolyard tantrums. Rather, as we have stressed, the brain is a single, marvelously complicated, and deeply integrated system. Like those of a well-maintained bicycle, the parts of the brain do have different functions but, like the parts of a bike, they are designed to work together. Finally, as we discussed earlier, there is solid evidence that none of us relies primarily on one or the other hemisphere. We all use all of our brains; none of us are truly â€Å"left-brained† or â€Å"right-brained.† DRUG ADDICTION A drug is, in broadcast terms, a chemical substance that has biological effects on human beings and animals. In  pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.  Pharmaceutical drugs  may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for  chronic disorders. Recreational drugs  are chemical substances that affect the  central nervous system, such as  opioids  or  hallucinogens. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide. They may be used for effects on  perception,consciousness,  personality, and  behavior. Many recreational drugs are also medicinal. Some drugs can cause  addiction  and habituationand all drugs have  side effects. Many drugs are illegal for recreational purposes and international treaties such as the single convention on narcotic drugs  exist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug).

The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homer’s The Iliad Essay -- Iliad Essa

The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homer’s The Iliad Dr. Frost’s comments: With his clear explanation, illustrative quotes, and logical organization, the student easily proves his thesis, recapped and affirmed very well in the final paragraph. From the first pages of Homer’s The Iliad, Achilles is portrayed as vengeful, proud, and petty. As the book progresses, the image of Achilles as a spiteful child is sharpened dramatically. Towards the end of the epic; however, Achilles begins to exhibit qualities that are considered heroic even in today’s society. Once his loyal and trusted friend Patroclus dies, Achilles undergoes a drastic change in character. When he confronts the true horror of death, Achilles puts aside his immature ways to fulfill his duty to his friend, his compatriots, and his conscience. In this way, the progression of Achilles as a character is an analogy for the transition from youth to maturity. The first book of The Iliad, appropriately titled the â€Å"Rage of Achilles,† sets the scene for the remainder of the epic. Agamemnon seizes Achilles’ prize, the beautiful Briseis, to sooth his own wounded pride. Even though Achilles is correct to suggest that Agamemnon return Chryseis, the swift runner’s brash manner leaves Agamemnon feeling slighted. In return, Achilles vows that he will not fight in the Trojan War any longer. Once Briseis is seized, Achilles goes to the beach to cry to his mother. This is reminiscent of how a small child would act when denied something he wants. It seems that Homer is trying to compare Achilles’ actions in the early books to that of a child. Achilles implores his mother to go to Zeus and ask the god to crush the Greeks until they give Achilles the honors he ... ...les has been throughout the epic. His actions show that he has finally seen to the heart of his fury and found it pointless and destructive. He is ready to fulfill his duty to the Greeks, yet is willing to treat his enemies with respect and courtesy because they are humans as well. In conclusion, the progression of Achilles’ character in The Iliad can easily be viewed as an analogy for the progression of a child to an adult. From the spiteful rage in the beginning to the compassionate respect in the end of the epic, Achilles’ development mirrors that of a stereotypical human from childhood to maturity. The concepts that seem important to him in the beginning, his honor and glory, slowly become supplanted by more reasonable and mature ideals of duty, respect and compassion. Work Cited Homer: Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003. The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homer’s The Iliad Essay -- Iliad Essa The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homer’s The Iliad Dr. Frost’s comments: With his clear explanation, illustrative quotes, and logical organization, the student easily proves his thesis, recapped and affirmed very well in the final paragraph. From the first pages of Homer’s The Iliad, Achilles is portrayed as vengeful, proud, and petty. As the book progresses, the image of Achilles as a spiteful child is sharpened dramatically. Towards the end of the epic; however, Achilles begins to exhibit qualities that are considered heroic even in today’s society. Once his loyal and trusted friend Patroclus dies, Achilles undergoes a drastic change in character. When he confronts the true horror of death, Achilles puts aside his immature ways to fulfill his duty to his friend, his compatriots, and his conscience. In this way, the progression of Achilles as a character is an analogy for the transition from youth to maturity. The first book of The Iliad, appropriately titled the â€Å"Rage of Achilles,† sets the scene for the remainder of the epic. Agamemnon seizes Achilles’ prize, the beautiful Briseis, to sooth his own wounded pride. Even though Achilles is correct to suggest that Agamemnon return Chryseis, the swift runner’s brash manner leaves Agamemnon feeling slighted. In return, Achilles vows that he will not fight in the Trojan War any longer. Once Briseis is seized, Achilles goes to the beach to cry to his mother. This is reminiscent of how a small child would act when denied something he wants. It seems that Homer is trying to compare Achilles’ actions in the early books to that of a child. Achilles implores his mother to go to Zeus and ask the god to crush the Greeks until they give Achilles the honors he ... ...les has been throughout the epic. His actions show that he has finally seen to the heart of his fury and found it pointless and destructive. He is ready to fulfill his duty to the Greeks, yet is willing to treat his enemies with respect and courtesy because they are humans as well. In conclusion, the progression of Achilles’ character in The Iliad can easily be viewed as an analogy for the progression of a child to an adult. From the spiteful rage in the beginning to the compassionate respect in the end of the epic, Achilles’ development mirrors that of a stereotypical human from childhood to maturity. The concepts that seem important to him in the beginning, his honor and glory, slowly become supplanted by more reasonable and mature ideals of duty, respect and compassion. Work Cited Homer: Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003.

Current Free Speech Doctrine: Will It Work On The Internet? :: essays research papers

The Internet offers a much greater potential for interactive communication between information senders and receivers than the more traditional methods of communication such as newspaper, radio and television. Freedom of speech ascertained by the constitution is not an absolute right. Depending on the medium through which information is delivered various degrees of the freedom to express one's self is protected. Internet communication may be analogous to either a specific existing communication medium or even several. Current free speech protection begins to dissipate as it is applied to the uncertain confines of the newly developed Cyberspace. The traditionalist approach to free speech protection is centered on core values and yields results that are basically neutral so that content allowed through one communication medium is permissible in all media.Freedom of speech and of the press is a basic tenant of United States constitutional law. Perhaps concern for the English use of prior restraint (licensing of press) and seditious libel was the reason for including the first amendment in our bill of rights. When the first amendment became law the printed page was the most widely used non-verbal medium of speech. Speech, as we understand it, involves more than verbal communication. Speecht includes pictures, movies, radio, television and expressive conduct [Shelton v. Tucker, 364 US 479 (1960)]. As technology advanced and additional communication medium developed, speech was given various levels of first amendment protection depending on the medium through which the information was delivered.Cyberspace is a network of computer systems permitting literally millions of people to communicate with one another on an hourly basis. Cyberspace may mirror other types of communication medium singularly or several at one time. Current free speech protection approaches break down when applied to Cyberspace since one may prohibit speech when delivered by one medium but permit identical speech delivered via a different medium. A core values approach protects identical speech regardless of the medium in which it is delivered. So it is a foundation for Cyberspace and promotes development of new technology. That, "Congress shall make no law..., or abridging the freedom of speech", suggests an absolute right to speak. Justice Black dissenting in Konigsberg felt that freedom of speech was absolute [Konigsberg v. State Bar of California, 366 US 36 (1961)]. Justice Harlan writing for the majority rejected an absolute right, noting that protected freedom of speech was less than an unlimited license to talk.

Censorship of Pornography :: Social Issues Argumentative Censor Porn Essays

Censorship of Pornography Sex, Erotica, nude women, three some, these are some keywords for finding pornography on the internet. The censorship of pornography has a positive affect on the United States of America and is a good thing because pornography leads to crime, pornography has no positive effects on society, and censoring pornography is not against the constitution. Crimes and pornography have a direct and apparent link. Eighty-one percent of criminals rate pornography as their highest sexual interest ( ). This means that the clear majority of criminals love pornography and find it highly interesting, most other people probably rank other human beings as their highest sexual interest. When an adult book store is closed the crime rate in the surrounding areas falls significantly ( 188). Also It was found that child molesters have a higher probability of molesting a larger number of victims and it is likely that these offenders have some access to pornography or erotica. ( 189). Over all crime and pornography do have a link between them and that makes censoring it a positive idea for America. Pornography has no positive effect on society. The American population agrees that pornography does not serve a legitimate purpose. Seventy-two percent of Americans want some sort of crack down on pornography. Also Ninety-two percent of Americans want a crack down on child pornography because it has no value and is disgusting and against the law ( 179). Pornography was found to have little redeeming social value by artistic criteria and is close to worth less ( 218). The censoring of pornography is not against the United States Constitution. The reason why pornography is not included under the constitution is because it was demeaned by the United States Supreme court in 1973 to be lewd and obscene material ( 173). The first amendment was intended to protect political speech in America not the speech that includes the exploiting of women and photography of women being raped ( 183). The founding fathers did not intend for their bill of rights to be exploited in the ways that it is today they would have wanted us to have a safe and peaceful society. That would be one that does not include pornography. The opposition to the censoring of pornography will say that it is against the United States Constitution, which it is not. They will also say that it is censoring thoughts and ideas not actions.

“Hurricane Hits England” By Grace Nichols and “Storm on the Island” Essay

â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† about a hurricane that came across from the Caribbean and hit the South coast of England (Sussex). In 1987 the poem takes place at night and follows the poet, Grace Nichols, as she talks and questions the hurricane like it were an old friend. â€Å"Storm on the lsland† is set on the top of a cliff on a barren island off the coast of Ireland. It describes the storm and how the village people are prepared for it and have built there houses â€Å"squat†. This shows that there are storms there frequently and it also speaks of no â€Å"trees† to avoid falling branches. â€Å"Storm on the Island† is written in blank verse. This reflects the crashing motion of the storm. It was often used by Shakespeare because it sounds like spoken English, this makes the poet sound like he his talking to the reader. However â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† is written in free verse which gives the poem a relaxed feel. Also breaking it up in to stanza lets you see how the mood changes throughout the poem from questioning, to understanding. â€Å"Come to break the frozen lake within me† the â€Å"frozen lake† being her sense of belonging and home. By not using an article before the title Heaney makes it sound blunt and gives a sense that he is not just talking about one storm in particular but many. To create drama Heaney writes the poem in present tense. Enjambment is used to create the surprise a storm would give â€Å"when it blows full / Blast† like a gust of wind suddenly â€Å"Blasting† in at the start of a new line. Despite the confident start Heaney admits to being scared of the storm â€Å"it is a huge nothing we fear.† Whereas in the first stanza of Nichols’ uses a very effective metaphor to describe the hurricane â€Å"howling ship of the wind† this creates a ghost like quality to the hurricane this is later backed up by the word â€Å"spectre†. The view of the hurricane changes from stanza to stanza. In the third stanza Nichols questions the like it were an â€Å"old friend. The mood is then saddened when Nichols describes roots as â€Å"cratered graves†. The island is described as â€Å"Wizened† which at first conjures thoughts of a desolate and barren landscape. â€Å"There are no stacks† suggests there are no crops, but as the hurricane is introduced the view of the island has been change and maybe it’s not just the ground that is â€Å"Wizened† but also the villagers. The fact the villagers are prepared for the storm is emphasised more so by the lack of trees. He uses the imagery of a â€Å"tame cat / Turned savage† because the sea is usually calm a gentle but can become violent and angry. The fact this is spread over two lines is to use the pause between them as the quiet before the storm. The military theme is carried on when he uses words like â€Å"dives†, â€Å"strafes†, â€Å"salvos† and â€Å"bombardments† to show the distructive power of the storm. While the storm in â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† is show to be an actual person or a one point a God this is meant show that Nichols has not rejected her culture and is still capable of seeing things in terms of her native culture. The poet’s heart is â€Å"unchained† by the hurricane which breaks â€Å"†¦the frozen lake in me.† There is a clear implication that she has felt trapped in England and by riding the hurricane (a global event, of course) she finds her freedom. Heaney’s poem is written in a repetitive and confident way and by using blank verse it reflects his mood that he will survive the storm. Although this changes throughout the poem, halfway through he uses phrases like â€Å"the thing you fear† and â€Å"exploding comfortably† to portray he is scared. While Nichols’ writes in free and open way which reflect her past in the Caribbean to show this she uses the words â€Å"the earth is the earth† The final lines of â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† are a plea for multiculturalism and a pride in one’s own culture. The poet has realised that she can only be free and happy in England if she stops yearning for her own culture and accepts that, that culture is a part of her: she brought it to England with her just as the hurricane has brought a feeling of the Caribbean to England. This is unlike the ideas in â€Å"Storm on the Island† which concern our uneasy relationship to powerful natural forces and the feelings of vulnerability and fear. That we feel in the face of the potentially destructive powers of a storm.

The Burma Road Riot

foreland 1a Write a detailed aim of the Burma thoroughfargon howler monkey in ceiling of the Bahamas, Bahamas. At the stolon of the Second b tot whollyy con cristald the the Statesn g e precisew here(predicate)(predicate)n custodyt do arrange custodyts to d rude(prenominal) train bases in of the Caribbean Islands. Being a region of the Caribbean, The Bahamian politics and the Ameri fuck g all all everywheren handst schedule to build devil operational bases in saucy Providence, solelyness in beam knit and the former(a) in Oaks Field, they overly call(a)ed it the briny(prenominal) Field. This would hence take all over devil gm workforce.The bracings began to spread to the let aner islands and m fore genuinely a nonher(prenominal) forth islanders saw it as a good opportunity to be employed for big issue. During the last ten twenty- four hour periods the economy had declined due to the ending of barricade in 1933. These Bahamians came to New Provid ence because they knew that the Americans would fix high operates because a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) plyed on the American base in Exuma forrader. Unfortunately, the Bahamian mildewers were gainful half(prenominal) the hire the Americans were compensable for the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) job. by and by failing to incur the employer to quicken their unsports existence bid charter, on Sunday thirty- strict- hind end May, 1942, the local workers self-contained in campaign of the Pleasantville Construction comp whatever(prenominal) with the aim of sting their employer to improve their wages offered to the both web site the wages were lower than the employees pass judgment, also their wages were lower than the American wages who did the same job. Bahamian wages were and 4 shillings for eight hours. This slur was so dirty it made the Bahamian workers frustrated and acrid against their washcloth employers.As a terminal result a charged working relationship amongst the Bahamian workers developed. Since in that location was no firmness in the meeting on the undermenti angiotensin converting enzymed day Monday, 1st June, 1942 tireers marched to talk passage resisting that they be paid the enough core of wages by the Pleasantville Contractors. The Bahamian protestors didnt k without delay that it was the mouth path Boys that told the Americans to pass the Bahamian employees less that it supposed to be. Because the Pleasantville Contractors didnt reply to the laborers request it made the workers frequently(prenominal) than raging. Moreover, the meeting that was agreed n with the workers and the compound Labor Officer never materialized. This passion the workers still to a greater extent. The disgruntled workers were accompanied by a pack of citizenry. They marched from parliament via capital of the Bahamas avenue with cubs and sticks. On their expressive style they met a Coca-Cola t ruck filled with empty bottles which they pelted the windowpanes of the buildings. They apply those bottles as missiles. art object the rampage was at its height a carbon of patrol with fixed bayonets and steel helmets came smoo then(prenominal) from the barracks and remained feature up in that formation for a block of beat in front of the pack Office.While the sound of glass breaking and the assembly shouting, that could be heard up and d knowledge the roadway, the legal philosophymen moved along bay tree thoroughf atomic number 18 and were successful in dispersing or so of the insurrectioners, which they reassembled in early(a) seetles. The police could non argue with this situation so a disengagement of British forces were called in. Before the end of the day members of the Volunteer Defense Force were located to the Barracks. When show was restored in the metropolis, by means ofout the subsequently(prenominal)noon isolated cases of furiousness wer e dealt with and some(a)what batch were arrested. M any(prenominal) of the cheat ons were extensively violateed.Several massiness shops were unsheathed of their stock. on that manoeuvre were many of the throng that were put onn with armfuls of stolen goods exit the city. As soon as the streets were all clear the suspects were ordered to show the stocks of the parcels that they were carrying on them. Some of the loot was recovered and bulk were arrested. The damages of the proportion and merchandise ran into thousands of pounds. They chargeed the cars that were go and parked which were damaged very badly, as well as the owners were at the wheel at some billet and beat. Liquor stores were looted as well and the drunkenness resulting added fuel to the wake up.In conclusion, this shrieking and plunder lead to 2 deaths and xxv injuries, they also smashed the Red Cross. The rampageing lasted for both long long time. After all the Duke of Windsor verbalize that the Bahamian wages forget be dealt with. Half much of the workers came buns. On the 4th June 1942, things were honorable around prevalent for everyone and wages were increased by one shilling for the local workers. This bacchant tracealed that smutty Bahamians were no longer going to be submissive to the oligarchy. Moreover, dense Bahamians became united and taciturnly fought for better living conditions and decent rights and righteousice.The Burma road anarchyIse a Man Political Awakening and the 1942 Riot in the Bahamas Abstract When Americans began building their World War II bases in capital of the Bahamas, the Bahamians they hire expected the high wage order that usually accompanied fo master contracts. Unfortunately, the Bahamian government had negotiated frequently lower slips than were expected. discolor, with his call in Ise a man,? captured the indignation that many of his co-workers tangle. After attempts to holler the wage issue by corporal barga ining failed, two thousand labourers ga on that pointd at the building site pitch contour we want more money.?Their cries fell on deaf ears and police wayrs were called in to beam the free radical. But, the police besides succeeded in provoke the protestors. Eventually, armed with sticks and clubs, the drawing cardless tintinnabulation marched to where they would be heard. They marched to utter street, the stage for some of the almost hearty pillowcases in the Bahamas history and a social space that has continually been at the rivet of cultural, frugal and policy- situate life in the inelegant. Two days of saturnalia ensued. Although the confusion was triggered by a labor dis ad juste, it has been expound as the jump bespeak of a familiar driving force in the Bahamas.And, some confound exposit the lawlessness as a tremor along the break of serve line that divide the rich clean-living Bahamians who own stemmaes on quest roadway and the poor vitrioli cs who worked as laborers and lived in the poorer neighborhoods over-the-hill.? This opus is an front to re narrate the story of the sidesplitter, gisting on its significance as the first sign of policy- fashioning awakening in the countrys slow confederation. This wallpaper was published in the Journal of Caribbean History, 41 (1 & 2) 2008. Paper presented at the 30th yearly Conference of the Society for Caribbean Studies, The National Archives, Kew, UK, July 2006.We would like to thank Nicola Virgill and John Rolle for comments on previous versions of this paper. The hold upard dis pick outer applies. * I. Introduction At the fetchning of the Second World War, the British and American governments made arrangements to build training bases on several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of the British western hemisphere Indian islands. Two of these operational bases were scheduled to be built on New Providence Island, the stinting hub of the Bahamas one in Oaks Field c ognise as briny Field and one in the western end of the island known as Satellite Field.The scheme, as it was called, would employ over two thousand Bahamians. When the news astir(predicate) this economical consumption opportunity was publicized, many men from the outlying(prenominal) Bahamian islands flocked to New Providence connector the already large labor pussycat that looked forward to the high wages that such(prenominal)(prenominal) foreign formulates historically brought. The wages offered were non only lower than was expected alone thither was an inequity of pay in the midst of Americans and Bahamian laborers employed at the same jobs.The men were dissatisfied scarce neither management nor government made any quick shades to reconcile the wage dis tack togethither. What saltationed as low grumbling among the men at work, exploded into two days of splurgeing that left six men dead, several battalion injured and request route, the islands principal commer cial district, and part of yieldings town, where many of the laborers resided, in shambles. Dame Doris Johnson, noned Bahamian politician, has argued that the 1942 insurrection was a watershed subject in the Bahamas political and racial history. That the June 1 and 2 c atomic number 18s were mblematic of a growe political brain within the Bahamas legal age b wishing community and was the explosive start of what would at long last be a relatively quiet diversity to usher in baleful eclipse and independence in the former British polished town. As Johnson recorded, as a way out of the splurge the first awakenings of a new political aw beness began to be felt in the hearts of black passel time, and the remarkable foresight, courage, and initiative of a few dedicated members of that absolute absolute majority were all that were involve to crystallize this awargonness into a mightinessily political force.?Sir Randol Fawkes, labor leader and parliamentarian, has co ncurred. As they rightly point out, the tumult was the first major collective labor exercise in the Bahamas with political overtones. Political scientist, Colin Hughes, however, has questioned its significance. While accepting it as a forerunner, he views it more as a emblem that was profitably mythologized and rallied around in one case the normal movement actually found its feet. tally to Hughes, the bacchanal was a brief detonation of raw energy? that provided martyrs and a tremendous flash? o Bahamian blacks once a political movement had ultimately started.? Agreeing with Hughes, Gail Saunders sees it as a hapless-lived extempore outburst? later on which the black mess slept on.? 3 Both deny any direct link to the dramatic socio-political organic evolutions in the 1960s, pointing out that nonhing lots happened in response to the riot and that no substantial push for political power or majority territory could be said to exist in the Bahamas for more than a dec ade afterwards the riot. They also point out that nonhing like this ever happened again in the Bahamas making this event an anomaly.The riot, however, was more than an isolated act of venting. And, although a goodly symbol of black procedure that has been cite again and again in the political postulates of Bahamian blacks, the riot was more than a symbol. The riot had real (if non neighboring(a)) effects. Following Johnson, it is our contention that the riot is rightfully considered the first taw in the interlocking for political swop in the Bahamas. The riot also kindlyled the development of a pro-black disposition in the country, a requirement precursor to black bump and independence.At the time of the riot, political and economic life in the colony was controlled by a microscopical telephoner of snowy merchants who were head fourth parted on bay course. As Johnson renders, the usually submissive and gay Bahamian workers? marched towards call for bridle-p ath, the space of dust coat wealth, in an angry and belligerent mood.? The 1942 riot demonstrated to both Bahamian blacks and the oligarchs who were known collectively as the utter path Boys,? that speak pathway was vulnerable. Indeed, the riot showed sooner an distinctly that the hold the merchant princes had on the Bahamas was far from complete and unassailable.The majority black population in the Bahamas could literally fragmentize the edifices of minority vacuous rule, if sufficiently provoked. The crack that was created in 1942 would widen over the neighboring few decades and within a quarter of a century it became a gapping whole that the majority black Progressive plentiful party walked through to victory. This paper is an effort to retell the story of the riot, focusing on its significance as the first sign of political awakening in the countrys black community. II. jadet Lick Nobody Two old age of Mass Action On June 1, 942, just weeks after the bug out had began, laborers from both Main Field and Satellite Field marched to bay laurel roadway after their continual and by then quite loud demands for high wages were met with patronizing replies and admonishments to return to work. As Leonard Storr Green, who was convicted as one of the leading of the conclave explicates, one of the white-hot bosses wanted to tinkle up on the labourers so that they should go masking to work. The assemblage said they would non go back until they had some main proof almost the wages and they did non go back.?The caboodle marched to alcove highroad carrying clubs and sticks and assembled in Rawson Squ be, across from the Parliament and outside(a) the Colonial Secretarys office, hoping to put their plea for higher wages to soul in authority.? Several members of the colonial government and the local assembly attempted to gentle them, promising that if they dispersed and returned to work, their requests would be considered. They were almost persuaded to put down their weapons and to go back to work solely eye witnesses and members of the labour of labors cite two things as triggering the voluptuary acts that in like mannerk place.Some attri entirelyed the assortment in conferences attitude to the presence of police superintendent chieftain Edward Sears. Sears had been present at a amicable besides loud display at the Main Field some wages a day sooner and had drawn his revolver in order to disband the assembly. As Green reports, Captain Sears presence on alcove Street made them angry because it looked as if he would do something.? Others filed Attorney command Eric Hallinans insensitive remarks. Hallinan was among those who had attempted to flavour the crowd.As Hallinan would afterward testify, he informed them that the American contractors had intended to bring in labourers from America? and had changed their minds since the Bahamians had condition upe so well.? He then warned the workers not to spoil that record.? The crowd perceived his remarks as a threat. If they did not return to work quietly, they would be replaced by workers from America. As Hallinan later separated, those remarks of mine were, I think misunderstood by the crowd and in that respect was signs that they resented those remarks.?Whatever the catalyst, a good deal of the crowd that had marched to Rawson Squ are singing loyal anthems turned their attention away from diplomacy and bargaining and began to take their frustrations out on bay Street. They moved down the street smashing car windows and breaking storefronts. Although the inducening crowd numbered in the thousands, it is hard to tell the number of wad that actually took part in the cutthroat outburst that followed their peaceful march to true laurel Street. It is also demanding to determine which of the various convocations of community who participated in the protest did which acts.It appears that the people that broke windows were not the same people that would later loot the stores. But the record here is not entirely clear. As the workers marched to Bay Street from Oakes Field that Monday morning, their numbers were augmented by people who lived in the black communities that they walked through on their way to Bay Street. It is wherefore quite possible that a segment of the crowd left peaceably after having made their case, a portion lashed out at the shops and auto heapiles that were parked on Bay Street, and that an altogether different portion of the crowd looted the shops.After allowing the rioters and looters almost free reign on Bay Street for most of the morning, a force comprised of police officers and the Camerons Highlanders, a group of Scottish soldiers who were stationed in capital of the Bahamas to protect the Duke of Windsor, who was regulator of the Bahamas, were brought in to sweep the street clean of protestors. This worked and by midday they managed to push most of the crowd over the hi ll,? to the poorer neighborhoods outside the city center. There was a radicaloff in the concedes township area at to the corner of Cotton Tree and puritanic heap Road surrounded by a niggling crowd of rioters and about 40 police offices and soldiers.The crowd was throwing rocks at the combine forced. One rock hit a Cameron Highlander and knocked him unconscious. During this stallingoff, one civilian was shot and killed, an an opposite(prenominal) was shot and eventually died in the hospital and quintette men were injure and recovered. It is possible that the crowd that rioted in permits Town were not from that neighborhood. Indeed, several distri besideses Town occupants insisted that the rioters were not from their settlement. As Alfred McKenzie, a black merchant, who owns a store in cave ins Town recounts, I didnt recognize any one especially.I think in that location were just a few leaders and the majority of the crowds were looking for what they could get after the places was disquieted into. Young men and women made up this crowd.? Whatever the composition or origin, the police had a hard time subduing the crowd in countenances Town. Having failed to control the crowd, the police read the Riot Act at about one oclock in the afternoon, ten minutes after the incident at Cotton Tree, set curfew and left concords Town. With the police went the authority of rectitude and the force of the curfew. After the forces ithdrew, the crowd, many who by now were intoxicated, laid siege to the Grants Town police station, set fire to a filling station, fire truck and ambulance, looted the post office and library and broke into many of the small neighborhood businesses. Rioting and looting took place in this community all through the night. The police would later argue that their drug withdrawal saved lives. The crowd was in such an agitated mood, their commanding officer testified, that it would lay down taken extreme measures to contain them. The po lice in that respectfore felt it was better not to be in a situation where they would be forced to fire on the crowd.Although some citizens testified before the bursting charge that if the forces had returned to Grants Town they could energise considerably pacified the it without trouble,? others account that by this time the mob here was so drunk that they could only lease been pacified at a very considerable red ink of life.? The Commission divulge that, in fact, only one soulfulness was injured in Grants Town after the forces had been withdrawn and that was a rioter who was shot by a colour man in defence of his shop. A few shops, mainly booze shops, were disordered into but the amount of damage done, although considerable, was not great.?In Grants town the bacchanal was not only more blood-red but also seemed to throw away been much more 16 random than on Bay Street. Whereas on Bay Street, there was a definite pattern to the stores that were destruct and looted, there seemed to be none in Grant Town. On Bay Street there are numerous episodes of shop owners and other citizens cosmos able to rationalness with the crowds in Grants Town, there was no describeening to tenableness. It was the opinion of most observers that the amount of alcohol consumed played a great part in the frenzy and destruction that took place that even out.Riots are lots intoxicating because of the lure of recklessness and the choppy freedom to act on the basest of desires. When that seduce is coupled with the intoxication of alcohol the dangers are magnified. In Grants Town a number of bars had been broken into. In Captain Sears report of what took place once the crowd was pushed over the hill, he states that the Red Lion Bar had been broken into and all the liquor taken from there.? 18 17 Lance Corporal Gooding reported that when he went over the hill from Bay Street that Bethels Bar on the corner of Martin Street and Blue Hill road was being broken into.? kvetch of the riot, one resident of Grants Town testified, I think there are too many liquor stores in Grants Town.? After the rioting in Grants Town, concerned citizens One of the two later fatalities was the result of a Grants town resident defend his piazza from a looter who refused to listen to reason. In his testimony, Clifford Holbert a stone mason who was protecting a shop that he owned with his father relays the incident that took at about 10 a. m. on June 2, I was sit down on the counter and the leader who is called Johnson held his hand up and made a sign to the man.Johnson had a carpenters spirt in his hand. He made a sign to the men and said, get down on, boys lets go in. I said to them, why dont you be sustain yourselves, arent we all coloured? They still came in. The others besides the leader had sticks, bottles and stones and some of them had empty sacs as if to put my property in. I was sitting on the counter with a shot shoot on my knees. They flocked aroun d me and as they flocked around me the gun went off. The leader was taken up to the hospital and was dead.? submitted a petition asking for re-zoning, because as it stood there were 30 liquor stores in the to the southern district.Throughout the night, bands went through the settlement looting and generally causing havoc. On the morning, June 2 , a fistful of businesses and residences were singled out for attack. Mr. George lollys Eastern Pharmacy located on Shirley Street was one of them. dough was a white merchant whose Grants Town store had been undone the previous afternoon. nd A gang from Grants Town marched to Shirley Street to loot the store. The Highlanders responded to the phone calls reporting the happenings at the chemists and were able to disperse the crowd without incident.The looting of Coles pharmacy and the liquor store next gate to it were the last actions of the riot. Reassured by the Duke of Windsor, the Governor of the Bahamas that the wage question would b e dealt with, more the half the workers returned to work on June 4 and by the end of the week, life returned to normal. 21 III. Political First Steps On The Meaning of the Riot th about historians who affirm studied the riot have argued that it was not a significant precursor to the political movements that would take place in the Bahamas over the next few decades.The riot, they contend, was just a fugitive outburst and its effects, they suggest, are delicate to trace. Doris Johnson, its supposed, was mistaken when she depict the rioters as being consciously active in a struggle for their rights and suggested that the riot caused stirrings in the hearts of the poor and the not-so-poor Bahamians? that ultimately led to political and social change in the Bahamas. One witness to the riot, Etienne Dupuch, the editor of a local newspaper and a individual long estimate to be in touch? ith the social attitudes of the Bahamian people argued that the riot was the natural outcome of t he squeeze economic, political and social policies act by a small but dominant political group in this colony during the last quarter century.? Similarly, Hughes has depict the riot as a momentary outburst of raw energy.? 23 22 And, Saunders, agreeing with both Dupuch and Hughes, has called the riot a short lived automatic outburst by a group of disgruntled labourers *that+ occurred against a punctuate of sign on socio-economic and political policies.?If the riot, however, was the inception brushwood in the battle for majority rule in the Bahamas can we fairly describe it as a momentary or short-lived outburst? Likewise, is it fair to blame the riot on a group of disgruntled workers when many of the rioters were not associate with the project? And, finally, is it accurate to describe the governing body of exploitation and oppression that hemmed in much of the black majority and privileged the Bay Street oligarchs as simply shrink socio-economic and political policies? As noted above, Saunders claims that the sentiments which supply the riot were short-lived.? Black anger,? he contends, erupted ad lib? and then quickly died.? Similarly, Hughes has called the riot a momentary outburst.? To be sure, the riot was just a two-day affair hostilities began the morning of June 1st, 1942 and by the afternoon of Tuesday, June 2 , 1942 the rioting and looting was over. Even if one includes the small notification at Oakes Field on the introductory Sunday, the 1942 riot was still (in one disposition at least) a brief disturbance. Still, it would be a mistake to describe the riot as just a momentary eruption. The riot was an important first step in the popular movement that would envelope the Bahamas in decades to come.The racial and political consciousness which fueled the quiet revolution in the Bahamas was ripened during this disturbance. And, as we argued elsewhere, processes of identity operator convergency and identity construction were sure enough at work during the riot. continues to be a powerful symbol of black agency and has been referenced again and again in the political struggles of Bahamian blacks, relived in tunes, sermons and speeches. Admittedly, its difficult to pinpoint the beginning of any movement. Did the civilized Rights movement in the United States begin with the landmark Brown versus the Topeka add-in of Education decision in 1954?Or, did it begin a year later with the Dr. Martin Luther fagot led Montgomery Alabama bus boycott? Or, did it begin twenty five geezerhood earlier during the 1919 red summer riots? These were among the first race riots in U. S. where blacks offered a unified response. Similarly, did the South African well-mannered Rights movement begin in 1976 with the Soweto riots or did it begin with the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960? distributively of these is arguably a valid start date for these movements. If we can never be certain about when a movement starts, however, we can perha ps be footsure about when a movement is clearly underway.Although the political sense and unforcedness to take on the Bay Street oligarchs that Bahamian blacks testify during the riot would be increasingly unambiguous in subsequent years, they were seldom exhibited before the riot. The 1937 riot in Matthew Town, Inagua and the 1935 labor disturbance at Roland T. Symonettes Prince George Hotel are two possible exceptions. But, even with these there are more differences than similarities. Although the 1937 riot involved violent attacks on members of the white merchant variety by members of the black working course of action, it resulted from a ain vendetta,? nvolved less than a handful of blacks and failed to develop into a political or labour riot.? The 1935 disturbance did involve between three and four hundred men but it resulted from their being unhappy that they could not find employment and there was no destruction of property or loss of life. With the possible exception of the semiannual Junkanoo festivals, when whites gave blacks allowance to roam free on Bay Street and veiled complaints were sometimes expressed, there was no time prior to the 1942 riot when blacks ventured into the white oligarch controlled city center to openly voice their dis triumph with the local uling elite. Additionally, processes of identity carrefour and construction were obviously at work during the riot. individualism convergence is the process by which an individual uses participation in group activity as a way of pursuing goals and behaving in ways that are consistent with his individual sense of self. Identity construction is the process through which personal identities are aligned with the collective identity of a movement to which he belongs. The riot was an opportunity for blacks to express their dissatisfaction with the merchant prince reign socio-economic system and to demand change.For many of the rioters, Greens bold declaration Ise a man? explained and reassert their actions. They had no choice but to stand up. The protest and riot was their opportunity to stand up. The riot also had a transformative effect on the black population in the Bahamas. It is worth repeating that before the riot, black Bahamian resistance to the white merchants political and economic hegemony was muted at best. The riot was a very public metamorphosing of the black laboring dissever in the Bahamas from amenable and compliant to active and defiant.This change would be celebrated in popular song and political speeches. There are several mob songs that reference the riot including Dont Burn Down Burma Road? and Going Down Burma Road.? The Project was divided between two sites, Main Field and Satellite Field, and the workers called the road between the two sites, which was used primarily to transport workers and equipment back and forth, Burma Road after the Burma Road in Southeast Asia that connected British Burma to China. The popular Going Down Burma Road? with its haunt refrain dont process nobody? s so about connected with the riot that some participants insists that it was interpret by the rioting crowd even though the evidence show they were make up much later on. As Hughes described, the riot provided martyrs and a heroic moment? for Bahamian blacks. Just four year after the riot, for instance, H. H. Brown, a Methodist minister, asked his congregation to take responsibility for their government. To punctuate his point, he harkens back to the riot. That a people have the kind of government that it deserves goes without saying. A reflection of the local government is therefore a criticism of the entire population.Until people waken to their own responsibilities, they will not have a responsible government. But nothing can possibly justify the attempt of any government to keep the people asleep. Who has conditioned the lesson of the (1942) riot? Similarly, Randol Fawkes begins a speech 13 years after the riot with these address Remember the first of June, 1942.? And, in the mid-nineties when Sir Lynden Pindling, often referred to as the father of the nation,? was summing up the road to self-determination in the Bahamas, he began his history with the Burma Road Riot. When the great heroes of our struggle stood on Burma Road,? he intoned, they did not stand alone. When they stood in the General Strike against the property balloting for the womans vote with the trade unionists *and+ for majority rule, they did not stand alone.? The effect of the riot on the persuasion elite was also not short-lived. Although only moderate reforms were passed in response to the riot, the regnant elite did not forget that these docile polite Bahamians could be turned other if provoked. As Sherouse explains, the threat of mob violence surely impacted those in power.To foreclose more radical change, white leaders made minor political adjustments.? It might appear that very short came out of the riot legislati vely Colin Hughes, Race and government activity in the Bahamas, 212-213. Rev H. H. Brown, sermon at Governors Harbour, Eleuthera, January 14, 1946 quoted in Phil Cash, Shirley Gordon and Gail Saunders, eds. , Sources of Bahamian History (capital of the United Kingdom MacMillan Caribbean, 1991) 291. Rosalie Fawkes, ed. , Labour Unite or Perish The Writings that Launched A parkway by Sir Randol Fawkes, ((Florida Dodds Printing, 2004), 2. Patricia Beardsley Roker, ed.The Vision of Sir Lyndon Pindling In His consume Words, (Nassau Bahamas The Estate of Lyndon Pindling, 2002), 163. Scott Sherouse, Authority and Stratification in the Bahamas The Quest for Legitimacy? (Ph. D. diss. , Florida Inter subject field University, 2004), 56. but the minor reforms that did result sent a great signal. A chink in the armor of Bay Street had appeared. They were now making concessions when before such demands would have been rejected out of hand. The riot affect upon the Bay Street Boys the understa nding that they could not hold the space of Bay Street as their own domain, to be hired out one or two days a year.Although the riot certainly grew out of a wage dispute, several of the people who rioted and looted on Bay Street in the morning and Grants Town that afternoon and evening were not directly affiliated with the Project. Moreover, the Project laborers who were involved in the riot were lather out at more than unfair wages. As the workers marched from Main Field to Bay Street, women, children and men not affiliated with the Project, fall in in and participated fully in the events that transpired.As Oswald Moseley an factor for the Sun Life Insurance caller-out of Canada who witnessed the events reported, there were lots of women in the crowd and they were inciting the men on and the women to my mind started the looting, which the men joined.? And, I saw a woman getting into a window and walking about inside the store making a selection of his stuff.? Cartwright simila rly insisted that most of the looting was done by the youngsters and women. I saw a girl come with a stick and she smashed a window which had not been broken, then she ran away, then she came back and took what she wanted out of this window she had broken.? McKenzie ikewise testified that young men and women made up the crowd? that he saw rioting on June 2 Ironically, because the riot was so heavy on the minds of the ruling elite, they out(p) the semiannual celebration of Junkanoo in which people from over the hill claimed Bay Street in a loud and furious parade. The crowd also seemed to be in the main representative of the black working material body population in the Bahamas. The Bahamas is an archipelago with dozens of populate islands besides the chief island, New Providence, which hosts the Bahamas capital city, Nassau. It is illustrious that the crowds, although drawn mainly from the over-the-hill? rea, contained individuals who were originally from these verboten Island s.? Although a resident of Grants Town, Bertram Cambridge insisted that the rioters were all strangers? to him and that they were people from the out islands who were quite unfamiliar to him and essential have come over to get work at the project.? It is also noteworthy that the crowd contained both skilled and unskilled workers. An effort to establish a loosely representative union just a few years before the riot had failed to launch because skilled workers would not participate. The riot was, thus, the first time that a ross-section of blacks from all over the Bahamas stood together in a jet cause. And, again, that common cause was not just higher wages, though that was their prompt concern. They were more broadly concerned, however, with economic jurist they were receiving unequal pay for equal work. American workers were getting paid as much as 4 times more than Bahamian workers for doing the some jobs. As Dupuch aright observed, the difference in wages paid to Bahamian a nd American employees at the Project provided scope for considerable agitation which was greatly accentuated The average erson doesnt usually lecture about his wages if they are fairly fair, but no one appreciates being given a lower valet valuation when he is doing the same work along side a person of a different nationality or race. When it was denote that their would be a construction development on New Providence that would employ over two thousand laborers, men from the Out Islands which were poor and agrarian flocked to the capital. Tariffs, hurricanes, droughts and provoke made once profitable crops simply able to sustain the average farmer.Oscar Johnson, a produce agent turned tailor, told the contain Committee that in 1928, however, a responsibility was put on which pre give vent us from merchandise our tomatoes to the United States. It was then necessary to get a new market and I then represented Canadian firms displace the tomatoes to Canada. We had a number of hurricanes intermittently about 1932 and in between them we had droughts.? Witnesses of the riot support the fact that many of the rioters were not from over the hill, but were from the Out Islands. Moreover, some list the overpopulation caused by Out Islanders seeking a better life in Nassau as one of the reasons for the riot.Thaddeus Johnson, a proprietor of a place where labor congregated, supports Dupuch supposition. When the Americans took over the project,? he testified, there was considerable dissatisfaction over the wages. The workmen figured it this way. They figured that this was an American job. They expected much bigger wages than the Nassau standard. No one seemed able to explain to the workmen why they could not receive the American wage. The American wage on the other side of Florida is very high, but I think that the workmen had in their minds at least two or three dollars a day.This was an issue of fairness. Based on how they had been handle in the past by the wh ite merchant class in the colony, the workers clear assumed that the Bay Street merchants were responsible for this inequality. During the riot, Bahamian blacks were lashing out at their unfair wages and all the other injustices. There was also a bailiwick of subsistence. Wages in general had not increased on par with the comprise of living and it was difficult to survive on the wages they were being offered at the Project. This was oddly the case because this was temporary employment.It was easier to stomach making smaller wages if they were steady wages. As Bruce Johnson, an insurance agent with clients all over Nassau, reports, the workmen were finding it harder and harder to get along owing to the increased cost of living.? When Leonard Storr Green effected that he would only receive 4 shillings a day determined that he would need a better compensable job because we cantlive on four shillings a day now jibe to the prices in the stores.? Moreover, the riot (and the desire for equal and sufficient wages) seems to have been related to their desires for full citizenship.Bahamians are very expressive people and have a wealth of folk Evidence of Richard John Anderson Farrington, The Russell Commission, 271. The crowd was asleep that the wages were fixed by London and Washington and assumed that it was the colonial powers that were charge them from getting what was due them. In Samuel Cartwrights barbershop on Friday May 29th, Americans from the project were discussing the project generally and the price of labour. They said that the company wanted to pay higher wages to the working people here but the government and the bay street merchants had been hinder this payment of higher wages.?Evidence of songs from which the workers could have chosen as they marched to Bay Street. They could have kept cadence with the goatskin drum or many other traditional rhythm section instruments. Instead of choosing ethnic instruments or songs, however, the workers chose patriotic songs, songs of the British Empire, as their songs of protest. One observer, Oscar Johnson, a tailor on Bay Street, remembers that it was a large crowd of people walk down George Street singing Well never let the old Flag make up and that intermingled with the patriotic songs some were saying, we want more wages.?These two, patriotic songs and a cry for more wages were intermingled because the laborers did not see these two sentiments as being incompatible with one another. With their songs they appealed to their rights as Englishmen. Perhaps here we can learn from Benedict Andersons work on nations and nation-ness?. Anderson explains that nations are imagined communities? because they visualise ties that connect the citizenry together over long distances and through time. Of the things that connect people together few are sanitaryer than national symbols such as national anthems. No matter how banal the words and clean the tunes,? Anderson explains, there is in thi s singing an take of simultaneity. At precisely such moments, people wholly unknown to each other utter the same verses to the same melody. The two-bagger unisonance the echoed physical realization of the imagined community.? The same holds truthful for other national symbols such as the flag or the coat of implements of war they also serve as realizations of imagined community. Interestingly, there were two incidents where imperial symbols were attacked.One was the burning of the characterization of the royal family by Alfred Stubbs, one of the rioters. The plunk for was the burning of the English flag. Napoleon McPhee offered a poignant explanation for his behavior. I willing to fight under the flag,? he explained, I willing even to die under the flag, but I aint gwine starve under the flag.? While kindly to their rights as subjects of the spinning top they were also distancing themselves from the crown showing their alienation from the imperial bodily structure which had not ensured the justice that they sought. They were British subjects but they were dissatisfied British subjects.Just like the smashing and looting of Bay Street was an attack against the economic status quo, the desecrating of nationally emblematic objects was a political attack. An attack that was not meant to reject British citizenship but to claim the protection and the rights of a British colonial. Again, it is significant that when they did not get any satisfaction from their employers, they marched to the center of government in the country, the Parliament Building and the Colonial Office. Beyond concerns for economic justice and political empowerment, the rioters were concerned with the lack of racial equality in the colony.Although the Russell Commission concluded that the riot had nothing to do with the question of race, the Duke of Windsor who had called for the Commission was certain that their was strong racial feelings on both sides? and that Bahamas wage rates was only an excuse to make a vigorous and noisy protest against the white population.? As Saunders states, racial tensity was an underlying cause of the riot.? On Bay Street, the rioters did not target black owned stores. Harry S. Blacks confect Kitchen, one of the few black owned stores on Bay Street, was not looted. And, as Craton and Saunders report, the damage was not indiscriminate such shops as those owned by the talker of the throng and the wife of one of the white Project supervisors were almost gutted, but the shoe store owned by Percy Christie, the white would-be labor organizer, was left untouched.? Additionally, the rioters were openly hostile to the whites that they encountered. Speaking of the crowd, John Damianos, a grocery merchant on Bay Street said, My impression was that when they saw a white face they were particularly infuriated and I think it had reached a point which was largely motivated by some racial feelings.I have never seen anything like this before.? Rola nd Cumberhatch also overhead the mob proclaim, no white man is passing here today.? It is a gross understatement to describe the set of socio-economic and political norms that existed in the Bahamas during the first half of the twentieth century as provided a collection of narrow policies. The policies were narrow to be sure and certainly favor the merchant princes. But, they amounted to a very real and complete (if relatively mild) system of apartheid. In 1942, blacks in the Bahamas were clearly second class citizens in the colony.And, most blacks depended on the whites oligarchs for the livelihoods. As Dr. Claudius Walker complained before the Russell Commission in 1942, in the Bahamas t he coloured man makes all the concessions. I take exception any man in this colony to say that I am ravish in that. The coloured man is discriminated against in the churches, in the theatres, in the private schools.? If there is harmony between the black and white populations, Dr Walker went o n to say, it is harmony at the expense of the coloured population.? Saunders confirms Dr. Walkers claim. In fact, until the late 1950s,? he states, blacks were exclude from all hotels, were not allowed in some restaurants, movie houses and were only allowed to enter some churches by the rear door. Certain schools did not accept black children and many business firms were closed to them as places of employment.? racial favoritism was the norm. Racial animosity was quite commonplace. Racial prejudice was the order of the day. An almost indelible line divided the black and white communities in New Providence. Most of the blacks were very poor and lived outside the city center in the over-the-hill? ommunities like Bain Town and Grants Town. These communities, located to the south of Bay Street and separated from the city center by a small hill, were settled by liberated Africans and ex-slaves in the nineteenth century. As was the case since license one hundred years earlier, blacks worked but never lived in the white areas from Bay Street to Montague. Segregation not so pronounced The Bay Street oligarchs also controlled the country politically and economically. Klaw has described them as a dozen or so Nassau merchants, lawyers, and real -estate brokers who are *named after+ the street here they have their shops and offices *and are+ in firm control of the Bahamas government, streak it with a free hand.? Similarly, Themistocleous has called them the merchant princes of Nassau with one hundred-plus years of hegemony over non-white groups.? The account of the 1942 Commission of Enquiry into the riot has likewise described them as elected representatives, who are collectively known as Bay Street, (in which street or its immediate neighbourhood all the twenty-nine members of the House of Assembly except two have their places of business).? non surprisingly, whites were generally unaware of how dissatisfied Bahamian blacks were with this system that privilege d whites and constrained blacks. wonder was their most common reaction to the riot. For instance, Morton tip over testified, I was amazed to find that the crowd felt hostile towards me. I have always felt in liberality with the labourers and given them a good wages.? Similarly, Etienne Dupuch stated, The riot came as a complete bewilderment to me.I never thought that our people could be agitated to the point of rioting because they have always enjoyed the enviable reputation of being patient docile and law-abiding.? J. P. Sands intercommunicate for many when he said, I thought that everybody in the island was quite happy until about 8 oclock on June 1st.? The riot, then, occurred against a backdrop of extreme racial oppression and is right understood as an expression of black dissatisfaction with the prevailing social, economic and political order. The white oligarchs never quite understood the depths of black discontent with the existing system.Although able to pacify the ma jority black population for a time, passing labor union legislation, extending the secret ballot to the Out Islands, and the series of concessions that were made in the years after the riot did not assuage the black masses once and for all. null short of majority rule, the white oligarchs would find out in subsequent years, could action the black population. IV. Conclusion Although the 1942 riot has been described as a key event in the political development of the Bahamas, scholars have consistently downplayed its significance.Hughes, for instance, has described the riot as a momentary outburst of raw energy? that provided martyrs and a heroic moment? to Bahamian blacks once a political movement had finally started.? Similarly, Saunders has suggested that black anger erupted spontaneously and then quickly died.? The reason that they discount the significance of the riot, we believe, is because they focus too intently of its immediate socio-economic and political consequences. Si nce little on the surface changed in the slipstream of the riot, they concluded that the riot did not change much in the Bahamas.In a sense, they are correct. The Bay Street oligarchs barely unsnarled their grip on social, political and economic life in the country after the disturbance. And, it took two and a half decades for the majority black Progressive Liberal Party to snatch political control from the Bay Street merchant princes. This preoccupation with immediate effects, however, obscures the true importance of the riot. In our view, it cannot be reduced to a short lived spontaneous outburst by a group of disgruntled labourers *that+ occurred against a background of narrow socio-economic and political policies.?First, we see it as the opening skirmish in the battle for majority rule in the Bahamas. The political awareness and willingness to take on the Bay Street oligarchs that Bahamian blacks evidenced during the riot was rarely exhibited before the riot. After the riot, evidence of their political awakening was quite obvious. Second, the anger vented by the rioters was reflective of the dissatisfaction felt by the entire black working class not just the workers on the Project.As Sir Randol Fawkes correctly surmised, when that mob marched on that early June morning, they took upon their shoulders the common burdens of all Bahamians.? And, finally, their fight was not against an curt welfare system but against a system that oppressed the black majority in the Bahamas and privileged the Bay Street oligarchs. The riot set in intercommunicate a political snowball that would result in a movement whose final triumph would be majority rule and the dismantling of the system of apartheid that inhibited Bahamian blacks socially, politically and economically.