Gender Differences in Fear of Crime Anxiety

Gender Differences in Fear of Crime Anxiety Qualitative Data Analysis Using Open Coding Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995 Introduction This is a Qualitative Data Analysis done on the data set of â€Å"Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995†. Qualitative Research is development of concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than experimental) settings, giving due emphasis to the meanings, experiences and views of the participants (Pope and Mays, 1995, 311:42-45). Qualitative Data Analysis is used in market research to congregate a thorough insight of human behaviour and the rationale behind such behaviour. It tries to clarify the why and how of decision making rather than focusing only on what, where and when (Hamersley, 2013). In this report efforts have been made to understand the behaviour of two people (one male and other female) – both white unemployed below the age of 18 and belonging to high crime area. The report will try to analyse the data collected with respect to Gender Difference, Anxiety and Fear of Crime. Methodology and Research Design The objective of using qualitative research method for this project is to: To describe individual experience. To describe group norms. To describe variations. To describe and explain relationships. According to Merriam (2009), some of the commonly used qualitative research methods include the following methods: Generic Qualititative Research involving a free approach as per the research project in hand. Ethnographic Research also called methodology of the people. Grounded Theory, an inductive type of research, is developed on the data obtained from sources like interviews, surveys, observation, review of records and quantitative data. Phenomology is the study of live experiences encountered by the participants. Philosophical Research, conducted by professional experts is used to ascertain ethics, clarify definitions or to make an important finding related to their specific field of study. Critical Social Research is used to understand the communication between people and the development of symbolic meanings. Ethical Inquiry studies the ethics related to rights, duties, choices, etc. Foundational Research studies the basis for science, analyzes beliefs and comes up with ways to identify how the existing knowledge can be changed with regard to new information. Historical Research studies the past and present in respect to the present scenario and helps to solve current issues. Framework Method wherein data is collected by transcribing interview or creating field notes while conducting participant observation or observing objects or social situations. It can be said to be a combination of Grounded Theory and Phenomology methods. In this project I have employed Framework Method because it has the following features: Simultaneous collection and analysis of data. Creation of analytic codes and categories developed from data and not by pre-consisting conceptualisations. Discovery of basic social processes in the data. Inductive construction of abstract theories. Theoretical sampling to refine categories. Integration of categories into a theoretical framework. Qualitative researchers typically employ the following methods for gathering information:Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials. In this project unstructured in-depth interviews using open-ended questions (without any preset questions) were conducted. The interview started with broad questions (related to the topic) and continued based on the participant’s response. An appropriate sample size for a qualitative study is one that adequately answers the research questions. For simple questions or very detailed studies, this might be in single figures; for complex questions large samples and a variety of sampling techniques might be necessary. There are three broad approaches to selecting a sample for a qualitative study (Marshal 1996): Convenience Sample: This involves the selection of most accessible selection. Judgement Sample: The most productive sample is selected to answer the research question. This can involved developing a framework of the variables that might influence and individual’s contribution and will be based on the researcher’s knowledge of the research area, the available literature and evidence from the study itself. Theoretical Sample: Theoretical sampling necessitates building interpretative theories from the emerging data and selecting a new sample to examine and elaborate on this theory. In practice, qualitative sampling requires a flexible, pragmatic approach. I have taken a sample data that includes a female and a male- both white, unemployed, belonging to high crime area and in the age group of 16-17. The participants belonging to different sex can give a true picture related to the influence of gender on the study being conducted. The female will be referred to as Participant 1 and the male will be referred to as Participant 2 in the coding table. Comparisons are made between the experiences of both the participants. Secondarydata is data collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data forsocial scienceincludecensuses, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies orqualitative research.Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research. As is the case inprimary research, secondary data can be obtained from two different research strands: Quantitative: Census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases. Qualitative:Semi-structuredandstructured interviewsfocus group’stranscripts,field notes,observationrecords and other personal, research-related documents. I have used the interviews (qualitative research) conducted as my secondary source for data analysis. Procedure of Framework Method Analysis: According to the Framework Method procedures (Adams. et. al 2007; Gale, 2013), the following steps were followed: Stage 1: Transcription According to Adams. et. al (2007), A transcript of the interview must be made. Context is of primary importance. A word to word transcription for both the interviews has been made. Adequate spacing has been provided in the transcripts for coding and making notes. Both the transcripts are in comparable formatting. I checked all transcripts for errors by listening back to the audio-recording and reading the transcripts simultaneously. Stage 2: Familiarisation with the interview According to Gale (2013), getting acclimatized with the transcript is an important part of this method. For best interpretation I have tried to understand the interview thoroughly by going through the interview transcripts repeatedly. Familiarisation through reading and making notes in this way also enabled me to find my way easily around the pages of transcript later in the analysis. Stage 3: Coding While reading the transcript line by line, the researcher should apply a label or code that portrays what they have inferred as important. In more inductive studies, at this stage ‘open coding’ takes place, i.e. coding anything that might be relevant from as many different perspectives as possible (Adams. et. al 2007). Concepts should be named appropriately; because â€Å"people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.† Open Coding includes labelling concepts, defining and developing categories based on their properties and dimensions. (Bulmer, 1969). Codes could refer to substantive things (e.g. particular behaviours, incidents or structures), values (e.g. those that inform or underpin certain statements, such as a belief in evidence-based medicine or in patient choice), emotions (e.g. sorrow, frustration, love) and more impressionistic/methodological elements (e.g. interviewee found something difficult to explain, interviewee became emotional, interviewer felt uncomfortable). Coding aims to classify all of the data so that it can be compared systematically with other parts of the data set. I have used open coding for this research project. I have used â€Å"in vivo codes† i.e. words that participants have used in the interview for coding (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Stage 4: Developing a working analytical framework According to Adams et. al (2007), a set of codes to be applied to all subsequent transcripts should be finalized. Codes can be grouped together into categories (using a tree diagram if helpful), which are then clearly defined to form a working analytical framework. It is always worth having an ‘other’ code under each category to avoid ignoring data that does not fit; the analytical framework is never ‘final’ until the last transcript has been coded.The framework consists of twenty-three codes clustered into four categories each with brief description of their meanings and examples of what ideas and or elements might be summarized under that code. The codes used in this data analysis and their descriptions are mentioned below: In the above table, four categories have been made by grouping codes having similarities based on their common properties. Stage 5: Applying the analytical framework The working analytical framework is then applied by indexing subsequent transcripts using the existing categories and codes. Each code is usually assigned a number or abbreviation for easy identification (and so the full names of the codes do not have to be written out each time) and written directly onto the transcripts (Gale, 2013). Stage 6: Charting data into the framework matrix According to Adams et. al (2007) and Gale (2013), qualitative data are voluminous and being able to manage and summarize data is a vital aspect of the analysis process. A spreadsheet is used to generate a matrix and the data are ‘charted’ into the matrix. Charting involves summarizing the data by category from each transcript. Good charting requires an ability to strike a balance between reducing the data on the one hand and retaining the original meanings and ‘feel’ of the interviewees’ words on the other. The chart should include references to interesting or illustrative quotations. The data has been summarized using the attached Microsoft Excel for each category. As shown below, the matrix for this project comprises of one code in each row per participant. Data has been abstracted from transcripts for each participant and code, summarised it using verbatim words and placed it into correct cells of the matrix. A separate sheet has been used for each category (Please refer to the attached Microsoft Excel file for the details). Stage 7: Interpreting the data Characteristics of and differences between the data are identified, perhaps generating typologies, interrogating theoretical concepts (either prior concepts or ones emerging from the data) or mapping connections between categories to explore relationships and/or causality (Adams. et. al 2007). Themes were generated from the data set by reviewing the matrix and making connections within and between participant and categories. Analysis and conclusion has been done keeping the codes active using the constant comparative method asking (Glaser Strauss, 1978) What is actually happening here? Under what conditions does this happen? What is this data a study of? What category does this incident indicate? The creation of theory is based on a core category. Without zeroing on a core category the framework method will become irrelevant and unworkable. The core category accounts for most of the variation of data and therefore most other categories relate to it in some way. The core category is a more highly abstracted category but still must remain grounded in the data. The major categories are related to the core category and these categories show how the core category works in the lives of participants. From the matrix table (in the attached excel file) we can conclude that the core category is â€Å"Affects of crime† as it gives an overview into the data set with respect to gender difference and the consequence of crime mainly anxiety and fear of crime. The different codes of â€Å"Affects of crime† are presented in the matrix table(attached excel sheet) with relevant quotes from the interview. All the other categories – places of crime, forms of crime and tools used in crime are related to this core category. The following conclusions can be made from the matrix of the data with respect to the project objective of â€Å"Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995†. 1. Gender Difference: Usually females are not involved in fighting or killing activities in the area. It was only on rare occasions that they were involved in fighting: â€Å"And they were wi us, and they knew that Donna hadnt said nowt cos like wed been knocking about with them for a bit, and they knew that Donna wouldnt have said owt like that. But they never like went to stop Sarah from itting er, and I were only person who stopped Sarah from itting er, cos like she adnt done nowt wrong.†(Participant 1, p.11) Usually the males are involved in illegal activities like scraping, shoplifting, fighting on the streets, burgling and vandalizing because they do not have any other good means of earning: â€Å"Well I know I started like getting into crime, you know, from coming up onto estate. I think its all things that appen on estate you know crime. So thats only thing that I can really do on estate. Cant get a job where  £29.50. Int worth it, end of day. So just go scrapping and things like that.à ¢â‚¬ (Participant 2, p.1) Both the genders do not show much keenness in studies and have dropped out of school without any fixed future plans of pursuing further education: â€Å"Dont know. cos like na I dont know I dont want to miss I like going out and doing different things every day. Not same thing every day. cos school, used to get up, get dressed, go to school, come ome from school, ave me tea, go out, go to bed. Get up, get dressed, go to school, come back, ave me tea, go to bed. So it were same all time.†(Participant 1,p.22). â€Å" I used to get since I moved from Area 45 I went to school. I used to feel that teachers were getting at me all time. I walked into class, itd be one of them. Dont start messing.†( Participant 2, p.4) 2. Anxiety and fear of crime: Activities like threatening, burgling, brick throwing and fighting on the streets have led to a feeling of fear and anxiety especially amongst the female population: â€Å"I was scared. I werent old. I were about 9 or 10.'[Participant1, p.7] They experience insecurity, are scared and nervous because of these activities. They have sleep disorders like nightmares. :† Sometimes I still ave dreams. You know dreams about im, and I wake up screaming. [Participant1, p.16] The males get physically hurt due to being involved in these activities. Males also feel highly insecure due to the violent and dangerous environment in the area as well as the activities they are involved in: â€Å"I said es messing wi bird, so Ive it im. and this kid stood at side, whacked me in face. And all me face were puffed up down ere. And I ad concussion for like a week. [Participant2, p.14] 4. Conclusion Framework methodology was used in the research. In-depth unstructured questions were used for the interview. The interview continued with the flow of response from the participants. The participants were probed to know about their experience of living in the area, the forms of crime they faced or were indulged in, their security concerns, the fear and anxiety resulting from the crimes, etc. They were encouraged to share their experience in detail with the interviewer. Both the genders (male and female) are feeling scared, insecure and anxious because of their surroundings especially because of the crime scenario in the area. Crime in the form of burgling, killing, fighting, etc. could take place anywhere without any substantial reason and in any place like houses, cars, streets, etc. People were not safe in their own houses also. However, the situation seems to have improved over a period of time. 5. Suggestions for future research Would the scenario have been different if the youngsters would have completed their schooling and had they been given better employment opportunities? Would the area become a better and safer place to stay in with crime rate reducing drastically. References: Adams, J., Khan, H. T., Raeside, R., White, D. (2007). Research methods for graduate business and social science students. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Calman,L. What is Grounded Theory. The University of Manchestar. Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.[online] Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/117 [Accessed 21 April 2014]. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. Hammersley, M. (2013). What is Qualitative Research? What Is? Research Methods. London: Continuum/Bloomsbury. Marshal,M.N.1996. ‘Sampling for Qualitative Research’, Family Practice, vol 13, no.6, pp. 522-525. Maykut†, P. and Morehouse†, R .(1994). Beginning Qualitative Research, A Philosophic and Practical Guide, London: The Falmer Press. Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Pope, C. and Mays, N. 1995. Qualitative Research: Rigour and qualitative research. BMJ. Seidal, J.V. 1998. [pdf]. Available at: ftp://ftp.qualisresearch.com/pub/qda.pdf [Accessed 22 April 2014]. Qualitative Research Designs. Available at: http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html[Accessed 23 April 2014] 1

Euthanasia Essay - Let Them Die! :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia - Let Them Die! Euthanasia is one of society's most widely and hotly debated moral issues. It has pained and exhausted the courts for entirely too long, questioning the ethics and morality of the issue. It is a never-ending loop that by no means considers our right, or the victim's right, to freedom. It has pierced the pocket books of American taxpayers extensively and should be put to rest with only this statement. Let them die! I believe that euthanasia is only debated and kept on the political agenda to keep the courts busy, thereby ensuring the security of political pocket books. The vast majority of the population is in favor of euthanasia. However, their elected candidates don't represent their views (Humphry). Thus eliminating their power of democracy and right to freedom. In this essay I will argue that euthanasia is not a concern of religious ethics but rather an entitlement of freedom. Euthanasia is typically broken into two categories: 1. Active euthanasia: The act of ...administering a lethal drug, or using other means that cause a persons death" (MacKinnon, 126). 2. Passive euthanasia: "Stopping (or not starting) some treatment, which allows a person to die, the persons condition causes his or her death, (MacKinnon, 126). Active euthanasia is typically the more highly debated of the two acts of euthanasia and is better known because of the actions of Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who has aided in many successful suicides. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is rarely debated and usually never enters the mind's eye because it is typically looked at as letting someone die naturally. In passive euthanasia one simply refuses treatment with the knowledge that death is imminent. This offers little debate for several reasons, primarily because it is seen as a natural way of dying. The exception, however, is that some religions refuse to accept treatment with the knowledge that without the treatment they will die. For example in the faith of the Jehovah's Witness, a child, who has been in a vicious car accident and is in need of blood, will die rather that accept treatment. This kind of passive euthanasia would come under much scrutiny, but be accepted because it is tied to religious convictions. In either case, active or passive, the victim will die. There is essentially no difference between them. From herein both active and passive euthanasia will not be separated but rather both will be referred to simply as euthanasia. It will be the primary interest of this paper to focus on and address the concerns of

Thailand Essay -- Information History Culture Customs Papers

Thailand The topic that I will be discussing is Thai culture. In this, it will include areas that influence this culture. First, I will give you the geographical information of the country of Thailand. The second area that I will look at will be language. Language is an extremely important part of culture and some say that one cannot be found without the other. After that I will inform you about customs, traditions and taboos in Thai culture. This is a very important part of culture and is what shows the differences between cultures. Then I briefly tell you about the government and some national symbols, such as the flag, the symbol, colors, anthem, dress, and national day. Next, I will explain about religion in Thailand. In most cultures there is religion, but in Thailand it is interwoven into its whole culture and it is hard to separate the two. One other thing that I will include in this paper is a link to a page with pictures from my trip to Thailand. National Standards for Geography I believe that I applied six out of the eighteen National Standards to this paper. The first two standards were under a section called "Seeking the World in Spatial Terms." When you look under this, the first I used was "knows and understands how to use maps, globes and other graphical tools to acquire, process and report information." The second standard was "Uses mental maps to give spatial perspective to the world." Then the second section is called "Places and Region." Under this section it says "Knows and understands the physical and human characteristics of places." The next section is called "physical systems" and I used only one standard in this one. This standard says that one "Knows and understands that physical pro... ...c.th/thai/thai.html (9 Apr 1999) 5. Ronnakiat, Nantana. "The Thai Writing System." Apr 5, 1997 http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thaiwrt.html (9 Apr 1999) 6. National Identity Office Under the Prime Minister, Royal Thai Government. "Thailand at a Glance." 28 February 1997 http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/glance-thai/thailand.html (11 Apr 1999) 7. Tourism Authority of Thailand. "Environment" Welcome to the Land of Smiles. 1997. http://www.tat.or.th/about/index.html (9 Apr 1999) 8. Tourism Authority of Thailand. "Religion." Welcome to the Land of Smiles. 1997. http://www.tat.or.th/about/religion.html (9 Apr 1999) 9. Vongvipanond, Peansiri. "Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture." Thai Culture in Language. 11/11/98 http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peasiri.thml (9 Apr 1999) to Lesson Plans and Research Papers 1999

The Emh, the Financial Crisis and the Behavioral Finance

The EMH, the Financial Crisis and the Behavioral Finance 1. Introduction The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) that was first proposed by Fama (1965, 1970) is the cornerstone of the modern financial economic theory. The EMH argues that the market is efficient and asset price reflects all the relevant information concerned about its return. The genius insight provided by the EMH has changed the way we look at the financial crisis thoroughly. However, the confidence in the EMH is eroded by the recent financial crisis.People can not help to ask: if the market is efficient and the price of assets is always correct as suggested by the EMH, why there exists such a great bubble in the financial market during the recent financial crisis? Apart from that, the EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of the recent financial crisis. (See Nocera, 2009 and Fox, 2009) Actually after the EMH was proposed, many anomalies have been found in the financial market and financial economists have develo ped many theories in order to explaining these anomalies.Among these the most influential one is the so called behavioral finance, which argues that the complex human behavior plays an important part in determining asset prices. The rest of the essay is arranged as follows. Section 2 explains what the EMH implies and its limitations. Section 3 emphasizes on explaining the usefulness of the EMH in the context of the recent financial crisis. Section 4 focuses on interpreting the behavioral finance. Section 5 concludes the essay. 2. The implications of the EMH According to Ball (2009), the implication of the EMH can be summarized as follows.The implication of the EMH can be decomposed into two parts. The first insight of the EMH is related to the most profound insights of classical economics, that is, there is no excess profit in a complete market, which is due to the fierce competition in the market. If there exists excess profit in such a market, then the entry of new producers will eventually eliminate it. The second insight is that information is symmetric dissemination, which implies that information can flow freely in the market without cost and time lag.Putting these two parts of insights together, the EMH implies that the market is efficient and asset prices reflect all the relevant information concerned about its return, and that investors can only get commensurate return with the cost of exploiting information due to the competition in the market. According to the EMH, people can only expect to get average return in the stock market and it is impossible to beat the market continuously. Note that it is futile to exploit information in order to get abnormal return does not mean that no one should act to exploit information.As a matter of fact, the EMH is a natural result of the fierce competition in the market—if there is no competition in the market, the market can not be efficient. In other words, asset price can not reach its equilibrium level a utomatically. Ice-cream producers face fierce competition from other producers in the market and it is impossible for them to get abnormal profit, but it is foolish for ice-cream producers to stop making ice-cream because they will get nothing if they do not work.Fama (1970) classifies the market into three categories: the weak form efficiency, the semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. In the weak form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the historical information, so it is impossible to obtain abnormal return using historical data and technological analysis is useless. In the semi-strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the information that is publicly available, and thus it is impossible to get abnormal return using publicly available information.In the strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the relevant information, including all publicly available information and inside information, so investors can only get average return and it is impossible to beat the market. 3. The performance of the EMH in explaining the recent financial crisis During the recent financial market, the stock market fell sharply, banks went bankrupt and the financial system was damaged seriously. This financial crisis has eroded the confidence in the EMH.The validity of the EMH and the existence of the efficient market are questioned broadly. If asset prices are always correct and reflect all the relevant information concerning about its return just as the EMH has suggested, why there exists such a great bubble in the financial market during the recent financial crisis? If the market is efficient, why the market fails to predict the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Bear Stern and other large financial institutions? Overall, the EMH fails to answer such questions.Moreover, the EMH also performs poor in explaining other financial crisis. One example is the Tulipmania that occurred in the 17th century. The prices of the tulip bulbs reached extremely high level which seriously deviates from its fundamental value that was suggested by the EMH. This apparent bubble is contradicted with the prediction of the EMH. In fact, the explaining power of the EMH becomes pale when confronting financial crisis. The EMH does not assume that investors are rational, but the EMH does assume that the market is efficient. But the reality may not be that simple.Investors may exhibit a lot of irrational behaviors in the real life, such as overconfident in their ability, following others readily, making wrong decisions when in exuberant state, and so forth. These irrational behaviors of investors without doubt will weaken the explaining power of the EMH. Apart from that, the EMH assumes that information is symmetric dissemination and can flow freely without cost and time lag, but information in the reality may not be symmetric disseminated, information may not be able to flow freely, this will also affect the validity of the EMH in explaining asset prices in the real life.Besides, factors such as sociological factors also play a part in determining asset prices. In author’s opinion, asset price is just like a glass of beer. At the lower part of the glass is the real beer, representing the intrinsic value of the asset that can be explained by the EMH. At the upper part of the glass is the foam, representing values that can not be explained by the EMH. In other word, the EMH can not explain bubbles, which is the systematic deviation of asset prices from their fundamental value.The EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of the financial crisis. In Nocera (2009) and Fox (2009), both of them believe that the notion of efficiency was responsible for the financial crisis. They argue that since the market is efficient and asset prices reflect all relevant information, the investors and supervisors feel it is unnecessary to look into the intrinsic value of assets, and so fail to be aware of the asset price bubbles, thus the financial crisis occurs.Actually, not soon after the EMH was first proposed, scholars have found many anomalies that contradict with the prediction of EMH. De Bondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) found that investors tend to overreact to unexpected news and events and such irrational behavior affects stock prices; Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) found that investors using trading strategies that buying past winners and selling past losers can get abnormal returns during the period 1965 to 1989. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) argue hat some anomalies such as the excess volatility of asset prices, the mean reversion in stock prices, and so forth, can be explained by the notion of noise trader risk. These studies have challenged the validity of the EMH. 4. The behavioral finance As has been described before, there are many anomalies that can not be explained by the EMH. Objectively speaking, these anomalies give impetus to the development and breakthrough of finan cial economic theories. Scholars so far have developed many models so as to explaining there anomalies, among which the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset price. According to Fuller (2000), the behavioral finance can be described in three ways. In the first way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is the integration of psychology and decision making science with the classical financial economic theory. In the second way, he views the behavioral finance as an attempt to explain the anomalies that have been observed and reported among current literatures in the financial market.In the third way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is a discipline that studies how investors make ‘mental mistakes’ in investment decision making process. The traditional asset pricing theories are developed under the assumption that investors are rational and thus can make right decisions, th at is, investors will not hurt themselves when making decisions. But the behavioral finance theory is developed under the assumption that investors are not always rational and human behavior is irrational at some time and that the financial market is sometimes inefficient.This assumption is much more reasonable than that of the traditional asset pricing theories. Ritter (2003) summarizes some irrational behavior of human beings, such as people tend to follow ‘heuristics’ or rules of thumb, which sometimes lead to biases, people are overconfident about their abilities, people act slowly to adjust to changes, people sometimes separate decisions which should be combined together in principle, and so forth. He argues that these irrational behaviors of investors will lead to misevaluation.Another important assumption made by the behavioral finance is the limits to arbitrage. In a market where arbitrage can be carried out without limitation, mispricing of asset will be elimin ated quickly. But if there are limits to arbitrage, for instance, short sale is not allowed in the financial market, the misprcing of asset may not be eliminated. Under the circumstance that the mispricing of asset is seriously, arbitrager will even choose to give up arbitrage due to the huge risk involved in the arbitrage.This assumption implies that the market is inefficient when there are limits to arbitrage. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) maintain that in an economy where rational and irrational traders are mixed, the behavior of noise traders can have huge continuous impact on asset prices, because the huge risk arbitragers confront made arbitrage less attractive. The first scholar who stresses the importance of psychological factors in investment decision making is Keynes.Keynes argues that the ‘animal spirits’ of investors is the psychological foundation of irrational exuberance and crash. Kahneman and Tversky’s (1973, 1979) description on t he belief and preference of investors under uncertainty lays the theoretical foundation for the behavioral finance. After that, the behavioral finance develops rapidly and gradually become the most important branch of financial economics.By economic intuition, since that the behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset prices and that these factors do have important impact on the decision-making behaviors of investors, we can say that in the short run the behavioral finance provides a better for the behavior of investors and the financial markets than the EMH. But in the long run, investors will eventually realize and correct their irrational behavior, and the EMH will perform better than the behavioral finance. . Conclusion Under certain assumptions, the EMH maintains that asset prices reflect all the relevant information about the asset, thus it is impossible for investors to get abnormal return and beat the market. The EMH implies that there is no unexploited profitable opportunity in the financial market. Although the EMH provides a useful insight through which we look at the financial market, the EMH fails to explain the more and more anomalies in the financial market.The EMH provides little useful explanation about the recent financial crisis. The validity of the EMH is questioned and the confidence in the EMH declines. Moreover, the EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of this financial crisis. Given the criticism the EMH suffers, scholars have developed varieties of theories so as to explain the anomalies in the financial market. Among these the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance studies how the behavior of human beings affects asset prices and the financial market. Based on the assumption that investors are sometimes irrational and the market is inefficient and that there are limits to arbitrage, the behavioral finance overall gives better explanations concerning the anoma lies in the financial market than the EMH. The behavioral finance is a rapidly developing field in the financial economics. Reference Ball, R. 2009) ‘The global financial crisis and the efficient market hypothesis: What have we learned? ’, forthcoming in Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1502815 (Accessed: 10 March 2010) De Bondt and Thaler (1985) ‘Does the stock market overreact? ’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 793-805 De Long, Shleifer, A. , Summers, A. S. and Waldman, R. J. (1990) ‘Noise trader risk in financial market’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 703-738 Fama, E.F. (1965) ‘Random walk in stock market prices’, Financial Analyst Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 55-59 Fama, E. F. (1970) ‘Efficient market hypothesis: A review of theory and empirical work’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 383-417 Fuller, R. J. (2000) Ã¢â‚¬Ë œBehavioral Finance and Sources of Alpha’, forthcoming in Journal of Pension Plan Investing, Vol. 2, No. 3 Fox, J. (2009) ‘The Myth of the Rational Market: A History of Risk, Reward and Delusion on Wall Street’, New York: HarperCollins Jegadeesh, N. and Titman, S. 1993) ‘Returns to buying winners and selling losers: Implications for stock market efficiency’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 65-91 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1973) ‘On the psychology of prediction’, Psychological Review, Vol. 80, pp. 237-251 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979) ‘Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk’, Econometrica, Vol. 47, pp. 263-291 Nocera, R. (2009) ‘Poking holes in a theory on markets’, New York Times, June 5, 2009 Ritter, J. R. (2003) ‘Behavioral finance’ ,Pacific-Basin Financial Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 429-437

Prepartion of Primary Standard

Experiment 2 Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Objectives: The objective of this experiment is: 1- To prepare two primary standard solutions, KHP and Na2CO3 2- To standardize a sodium hydroxide solution using the prepared primary standard KHP. 3- To standardize a hydrochloric acid solution using the prepared primary standard Na2CO3. 4- To calculate the concentration of an unknown acid or base. Introduction A primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated.For a compound to be considered as a primary standard it should have several important characteristics, the most important of which are high purity, stability, low hygroscopicity, high solubility, and high molar mass. A primary standard solution is a solution of known concentration made from a primary standard. Primary standard solutions are used in determining the concentrations of other solutions to an extremely high accuracy. They are typically use d in titrations and other analysis techniques as standardization solutions.A secondary standard solution, such as HCl solution, is a solution which must be standardized first against a primary standard, but afterwards, it will be stable enough for titrimetric work (Titration). Titration involves the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution) to another solution of unknown concentration (or vice versa), until the chemical reaction is complete. Titrations are based on reactions which go to completion rapidly. A reaction is complete when stoichiometric amounts of the reacting substances are combined.This is the stoichiometric point (equivalence point) in the titration. The equivalence point is detected visually using an indicator. An indicator is a substance (added at the beginning of the titration to the flask) that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where the indicator actually changes color is called the end poi nt of the titration. In this experiment, two primary standards will be used. The first is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, abbreviated as KHP, molar mass = 204. 23 g/mol), an acid primary standard which will be used to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution.The structure of KHP is shown below: O COH CO K O The chemical equation of the reaction can be written as: KHP(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? Or, expressed as a net ionic equation, HP-(aq) + OH-(aq) ? P2-(aq) + H2O(l) The second primary standard to be used is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (molar mass = 105. 99), a base, by which a hydrochloric acid solution will be standardized. The chemical equation of the reaction is: 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CO2 (g) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) KNaP(aq) + H2O(l) The reaction above generates CO2, which dissolves into the solution to generate an acid.The presence of dissolved CO2 thus interferes with the pH and the detection of the end point of the titration. However, the CO2 can be driven off by boiling the solut ion, enabling an accurate titration. Procedure I. Standardization of NaOH a. Preparation of the acid primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~2g of KHP and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 2. Transfer the solid KHP to a 100. 0 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 3.Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the KHP (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the KHP solution. b. Preparation of an approximately 0. 1 M NaOH solution 1. Obtain about 6 mL of a 50 % (w/v) NaOH solution in a clean and dry graduated cylinder from the stockroom. Transfer the NaOH to a clean 1L polyethylene bottle.Fill the rest of the polyethylene bottle with double distilled water to the mark. Shake thoroughly to homogenize. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the NaOH solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with NaOH, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. c. Standardization of NaOH 1. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard KHP solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret).Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask. A pink color appears locally and disappears on swirling; continue titration till a faint pink color persists. Take the lower reading of the buret. The first titration is usually a rapid one. 2. Repeat the titra tion slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. II. 3. Calculate the average molarity. II. Standardization of HCl a. Preparation of the base primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~1g of dry Na2CO3 and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance.Record the mass in Table 2. III. 2. Transfer the solid Na2CO3 to a 100 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. III. 3. Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the Na2CO3 (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the solution. b.Standardization of HCl 1. Get around 200 mL of HCl solution using a beaker and cover with a watch glass. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with dist illed water, with few mL of the HCl solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with HCl, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. 3. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard Na2CO3 solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret).Put a white tile below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color from blue to faint green. Boil the solution to expel CO2. The color should return to blue. Carefully add HCl from the buret until the solution turns green again and report the volume of acid at this point. Keep the solution as reference for color for the other titrations. 4. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. IV. c. Titration of blank 1. Add to a 125 m L Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green ndicator. Titrate with your HCl solution to faint green. Subtract the volume of HCl needed for the blank from that required to titrate Na2CO3. 2. Calculate the mean HCl molarity. III. Determining the concentration of an unknown a. Qualitative identification of the unknown 1. Obtain an unknown from the stockroom and record its number in the report. Add two drops of the phenolphthalein indicator. 2. Identify if it is an acidic or a basic unknown. Record your observation. b. Titration of the acidity in an unknown acid solution 1. Fill your burette with either HCl or NaOH according to your observation in the previous part. . Pipet a 25 mL aliquot of the unknown solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add two drops of the needed indicator (either phenolphthalein or bromocresol green). Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl or NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color according to the indicator being used. Record the lower reading of the buret. (Note: if your unknown is a base, remember to boil the solution as in part II. before proceeding with the titration to the end) 3. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. V. Reference: Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th Ed. Student Name______________ Student ID #_______________ Experiment 2 Date_____________ Section___________ Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Purpose: Data and calculation: I. Standardization of NaOH Table 2. I: Preparation of the acid primary standard Mass of vial + cap + KHP Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of KHP Volume of solution M KHP = ___________________ Table 2.II: Standardization of the NaOH Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL ) Volume of NaOH (mL) Volume of KHP aliquot =________________________ V NaOH = ____________________________________ ______________________________ M NaOH (average) = II. Standardization of HCl Table 2. III : Preparation of the base primary standard Mass of vial + cap + Na2CO3 Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of Na2CO3 Volume of solution M Na2CO3 = ___________________ Table 2. IV: Standardization of the HCl Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl (mL) Volume of HCl for blank (mL)Volume of Na2CO3 aliquot =_________________ V HCl = ___________________________________ M HCl (average)= ____________________________ III. Determining the concentration of an unknown Unknown # = Unknown identity = Volume of unknown (aliquot) = Table 2. V: Determination of the Concentration of an Unknown Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl or NaOH (mL) Volume for blank (mL) V standard (average) = _______________________ M unknow n (average) = _____________________________

Dahlia Furniture Private Limited Essay

I. Time Context: Last 5 months of 1984 II. Viewpoint: Mr. Chua Boon Kang, co-owner of Dahlia Furniture Private Limited III. Major Policy Statement: Dahlia Furniture Private Limited is a local furniture manufacturer of standard and custom-made furniture known for their high quality and elegant wall units, kitchen cabinets, bedroom sets, and dining set. And aims to be one of the largest furniture manufacturer in Singapore by 1990. IV. Statement of the Problem: What can the company do to maximize profit to improve the company’s position? V. Objectives Long Range Objectives: To expand our business operation after 2 years To be the leading furniture manufacturer by 1987 Short Range Objectives: To maximize profit and minimize cost To increase sales To cater furniture for the mass market VI. SWOT Analysis Strengths a. The company is known for high quality and elegant image of their furniture b. Dahlia Furniture is a known seller of imported furniture Weaknesses a. Dahlia Furniture has a small market; only middle and upper income families could afford their furniture b. Limited product line; composes only of wall units, kitchen cabinets, bedroom sets, and dining sets Opportunities a. Growing number of families who can afford and are willing to pay higher price for a high quality furniture b. Growing demand for imported furniture Threats a. Other companies that offer furniture for a lower price b. Foreign manufacturers and retailers that are entering the Singapore market VII. Alternative Courses of Action ACA #1: Continuous importation of some furniture and start to produce quality furniture that could be sold for a lower price to expand our market in serving the mass market of low income generating families. ACA #2: Remove locally made furniture in our product line and import all our furniture to uphold the image of high quality and elegant furniture for middle and upper income families. ACA #3: Expand our product line by producing and importing other high quality and elegant furniture other than wall units, kitchen cabinets, bedroom sets and dining sets for middle and upper income families. VIII. Analysis of Alternatives ACA #1: Continuous importation of some furniture and start to produce quality furniture that could be sold for a lower price to expand our market in serving the mass market of low income generating families. Advantages: a. Expanding our market is also a means of expanding the sources of our income b. The life of the company is not solely dependent on the purchase of our small market for middle and upper income families Disadvantages: a. Great risk whether the new target market of low generating families would purchase our furniture b. Costly as we would be starting from scratch to develop, produce and sell our new affordable furniture c. Additional Labor is needed d. The image of elegance and exclusivity of our furniture might be lost ACA #2: Remove locally made furniture in our product line and import all our furniture to uphold the image of high quality and elegant furniture for middle and upper income families. Advantages: a. No overhead expense for us b. The image of the company for catering high quality, elegant and exclusive furniture would be preserved c. We could focus more on the imported products that bring us income d. No need to hire additional workers e. Less attention required by the importation of furniture for we would not be the one to create them Disadvantages: a. Costly to import furniture id it would not be sold right away b. The operations of the company is solely dependent on our foreign suppliers c. Small market only for middle and upper income families that could afford to purchase imported furniture d. In violation of the anti-foreign labor regulation of the government e. Slow rate of repurchase because we offer the same furniture ACA #3: Expand our product line by producing and importing other high quality and elegant furniture other than wall units, kitchen cabinets, bedroom sets and dining sets for middle and upper income families. Advantages: a. Creating new line of furniture is also creating a new source of income for the company b. We can maintain the image of the company as producer of high quality, elegant and exclusive furniture Disadvantages: a. Costly to develop, produce and sell new furniture line b. Requires additional workers c. Still dependent on the purchase of our small market of middle and upper income families d. Risk whether the new furniture would be bought by the market e. The company could be subjected to government observation since we are importing more furniture IX. Decision Statement After closely analysing all the alternatives, the best alternative for the company is ACA #1: Continuous importation of some furniture and start to produce quality furniture that could be sold for a lower price to expand our market in serving the mass market of low income generating families. The imported furniture is still in the growth stage and the demand for them is still high. The continuing the importation of furniture could still bring us income and can be used as capital in our plan of targeting a new market. The company is known for catering high quality, elegant, and exclusive furniture; extending this to the mass market could bring drastic increase in our sales for the company already has a prestige name in the furniture industry. The company would be catering both high-end furniture and affordable furniture but of good quality. Expanding our market is extending the coverage of our company and also the source of our income. ACA #2 and ACA #3 still focuses on serving a limi ted market only for middle and upper income families making the sources of our income also limited to them. Furniture is a durable product and repurchase of it is not made in a short span of time. If the each of these middle and upper income families has their own wall units, kitchen cabinets, bedroom sets and dining sets then they would not repurchase again and so the company might be in danger. ACA # 1 would find us another source of income as we extend our market to the lower income generating families but at the same time retaining the service for middle and upper income families. And having the prestige of high quality and elegant furniture, the new target market would be eager to purchase our furniture. X. Implementation Plan Long Range Implementation Plan a. Continuous improvement of the quality, operations, management of the company and continuous search on how we could minimize the cost of our operations Short Range Implementation Plan a. Research about the new target market The price range that they can and willing to pay for a furniture. Designs, specifications and quality of a furniture that would draw them to purchase it. b. Canvass materials of good quality but of lower price to be used in the production of the furniture c. Create a plan on how we could minimize the cost of our importation, production and operation d. Make the furniture, specially the affordable furniture, known to the market by advertisement through publication at least once a week in a local newspaper of general circulation

Is Groningen a mini-metropolis?

The metropolis of Groningen has been described s a ‘mini-metropolis’ . Is this justifiable? Introduction Groningen is a capital metropolis of the northern state and one of the largest metropolis of in North Netherlands. After few hebdomads live in groningen, during which I have been researching the metropolis either by walking, motorcycle and coach, I seen some new and interesting things here, the civilization and lifestyle the local community and urban planing and transit system of the metropolis. Modern life can be seen from the quality and life style on people of groningen metropolis. Planning and structuring of metropoliss with assorted landmarks that attract a mix of historic and modern architecture, as we see in excurtion developed into a modern metropolis, full of futuristic inventions with good develop public transit sector and green conveyance like motorcycle and walking. From that experience I choose a subject for the first paper assignment in this class with the subject â€Å" The metropolis of Groningen has been described as a ‘ mini – meropolis ‘ . Is this justifiable? To reply that inquiry we must foremost understand what is called the city. For that I am looking for literature about what the city and so analyse the features of the metropolis of groningen metropolis, both economic and demographic facets that describe how the function of groningen metropolis to metropolis around it, so do a decision, whether replying inquiries from the subjects I take? Specify the word andfeatures ofCities The formation history of the Footings of Use and Metropolis word or city metropolitan ( metropolitan as an adjective, the city as a noun ) has been widely used to show a assortment of urban world different. Is really is a metropolis metropolitan or this? When examined from a historical position and lexical ( etimology ) , a term derived from the Grecian city Ancient, which is derived from the word significance female parent metre and word polis which means metropolis ( Wackermann, 2000 ) . At that clip, literally, cities can be interpreted as the â€Å" mother metropolis â€Å" which has orbiter towns as a kid, but it can besides intend the centre of a town, a metropolis – province ( metropolis -state ) , or a state on the Mediterranean, so it can besides be said that during the the term â€Å" city â€Å" has intensions associating to the homeland. Until now, the intension is still used, the term Metropolitan France case refers to the portion of the Gallic Republic located in Europe, the Gallic mainland and Corsica as the female parent state, in add-on to countries outside of it as a former settlement which joined the Gallic Republic. Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of the city is a major metropolis, or town that is the largest of any province, state or part. Metropolis is besides a great metropolis, the metropolis became an of import centre aimed at specific activities. Heinz Reif ( 2006 ) in his comprehensive reappraisal of the metropolis discourse lists several features of a city:big population size ( several million ) ;structural wealth ( material and cultural resources, high concentration of human and economic capital, representative urban signifier ) ;outstanding national and international centrality ;high in-migration with high cultural, societal and cultural diverseness, widely distributed orientation but besides clashs and struggles.The term metropolitan is besides said to be derived from the word â€Å" tube â€Å" which took the word of the system â€Å" Light railroad â€Å" ( light train system ) in urban countries. Needs of the urban conveyance system is the consequence of th e growing of the metropolis that already has a system of â€Å" commuter â€Å" urban population, eg buffer from the metropoliss to the female parent metropolis. Since the early 1980s the usage of the scientific attack in analyzing the phenomenon becomes progressively turning cities. But scientists and organisations be aftering more attending to the development of metropolitan countries instead than explicate a precise definition for this phenomenon. in 1991, Jean Bernard Dezert Bastie and develop a definition of the modern city that is based on the maps of a metropolis, which is that the definition of a city: – There is ever determined by the size of the demographic, its size can be determined by factors that are more of import than quantitative steps of population – Characterized by communications and transit substructure systems that serve the motion of commutation, the flow of information, and decision-making. – As a centre of fiscal activity in the upper degree. – As a cardinal assemblage of international companies. – As a centre of political and administrative powers of a province. – As a point of development or the usage of high engineering and advanced telecommunications. – As an of import point of cultural activities and scientific. – As an international tourer finish. – As the functional labour centres and lodging. An urban expert, Angotti ( 1993 ) argued that a city is non merely a really big metropolis, but besides a new signifier of society, the larger, more complex and have more power cardinal function, both in footings of economic sciences, political relations, and civilization. Industrial metropoliss of the nineteenth century is more accurately described as a precursor of the metropolitan metropoliss that were characteristic of the metropoliss of the twentieth century. An urban city in the universe is an look of inter-related in many societal, cultural and economic maps of national and international. In add-on to depicting the socio-economic status of many of the maps and size of the population of a metropolis, a metropolis term harmonizing to the Dictionary of Geography Baud ( 1995 ) can be evaluated from the size of hierarchy, which is considered a city as a functional centre. The maps of the power inherent in city which subsequently became the footing of the behaviour of the growing of the metropolis. Here the fiscal strength and geopolitic considerations that played a major function of a metropolitan country. Therefore, the term city is no longer merely considered as a capital metropolis. A large metropolis or a really big must be considered as a metropolitan metropolis. The population is non the lone important feature of metropolitan distinguish between the metropolitan with other colonies country. Other standards what is of import is the socio-economic activities that indicate the presence of specialisation map normally the industries and services. Integration between residential countries and the workplace is a existent job in The current metropolitan and a typical metropolitan character. Angotti ( 1993 ) stated that the procedure of specialisation in metropolitan occurs because ever development of production and distribution engineering and communications. Another character is the easiness of a metropolitan mobility harmonizing to Angotti ( 1993 ) seen in the 3 signifiers of mobility: 1. Mobility Work ( Employment Mobility ) 2. Mobility Housing ( Residential Mobility ) 3. Mobility trip ( Trip Mobility ) Characterized the work of the easy mobility of people working on the move without holding to travel abode because more types and fluctuations of occupations available in the metropolis metropolitan. Job mobility is related to the handiness of capital and mobility significant capital. Mobility abode normally follow alterations in the workplace. Resettlement is non ever due to their ain desires, associated with the motion of the workplace, but frequently besides occur due to be moved by force or non. Not forced to happen due to alterations in the monetary value land caused by the kineticss of existent estate development. Mobility trip easier to make in metropolitan than in other vicinities because of the handiness of Better transit. in overall it can be said that the metropolitan characterized by the mobility of capital and labour are really high in order to non be a definition of the metropolitan country Description and Features of The City Groningen The metropolis of Groningen’s place as the capital of the state and the place of authorities made it a cardinal metropolis to other environing countries. Official twelvemonth of constitution 1040 ( oldest known mention, ‘Cruoninga’ ) but likely earlier because of the oldest archeological hints found are believed to arise from the twelvemonth 3950 BC – 3720 BC, although the first major colony in Groningen has been traced back to the third century AD. In the thirteenth century, the City of Groningen was an of import trading centre, and its dwellers built a metropolis walls as the district boundary and to protect the metropolis. The metropolis has a strong influence on the environing country. The most influential period of this metropolis in the late fifteenth century as in the Martini tower built with a tallness reaches 127 metres, doing it the tallest edifice in Europe at the clip and built as ‘evidence’ of power. The metropolis is known nationally as the â€Å" Metropolis of the North † and the â€Å" Martinistad † refers to the Martini Tower. The metropolis is known as the â€Å" Stad † in the local idiom, which merely translates as City ( Van Steen, 2014 ) because Groningen is the lone major metropolis in the state of Groningen. Fig.1. Martini Tower, Groningen ( beginning: Van Steen, 2014 ) The metropolis of Groningen is the largest metropolis in the north Netherlands that capable to pull people from other metropoliss to come for surveies, work and unrecorded at that place. The metropolis of Groningen has 189,991 occupants ( 33 % of provincial sum ) with 134.000 occupations and 13.300 house ( Van Steen, 2014 ) . Fig. 2. Population of City Groningen ( Source: keys figure 2010, gementee groningen ) Fig. 3. Labour Market and Labour Force ( Source: keys figure 2010, gementee groningen ) We see in the figure 3. above comparing between the employment of labour is non relative because occupations are more than the available labour force to run into their employment in the metropolis of Groningen, hence, unfastened to the labour market for occupation searchers in the metropolis of Groningen. Coupled with the presence of oil and natural gas in Western Europe ‘s largest unfastened broad employment chances in the metropolis of groningen. In the conveyance sector, the metropolis of Groningen has developed a manner of transit that is good integrated with the public conveyance with non-motorized conveyance such as walkers and bicyclers as we can see in the tabular array above traffic and conveyance. City of Groningen prioritising walkers and bicyclers to go, therefore we can see the whole position of the metropolis is dominated by the bicyclers. This is supported by the substructure for bicyclers is a motorcycle lane on each route metropolis of Groningen. in line with the City vision 2008: A compact metropolis ; everything on bike distance of 5 to 7 kilometers from Grote Markt ( Van Steen, 2014 ) Fig. 4. Traffic and Transport ( Source: keys figure 2010, gementee groningen ) Public conveyance is good developed with good service with service through about the full district of the metropolis of Groningen and the surrounding metropoliss are intended for workers transposing from metropoliss around Groningen with alternate manners of trains and coachs with goings and reachings each manner decently scheduled and on clip. This can be seen in each manner is equipped with modern information system engineering so that we can see when and where we can acquire geared. For each itinerary public conveyance manners can besides be accessed through the package on the phone via 9292 so that we can be after a trip utilizing these manners. At each station there is a park and drive installations for bicyclers and other vehicles to park their vehicles and go on to develop as a mass public conveyance. Transport can be inferred from the description of the features of a city that has mass and develop public conveyance with good service and incorporate engineerings and full of good information for its users. The position of the metropolis of Groningen as a pupil metropolis which is visited yearly by 1000s of pupils from around the universe. Because the metropolis of Groningen has sectors with international position that is instruction sector, Here you find the metropolis ‘s celebrated province university, university of Groningen, Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences and the University Medical Center Groningen. with the presence of one of the best universities in Europe, Groningen is besides known as the international metropolis of civilization and art and is frequently used as one of the concerts of international creative persons by vera groningen known as Club for the International Pop Underground used to be a nice pupil fraternity. Nowadays they a to the full equipped concert locale where legendary sets like: U2, Sonic Youth, Nirvana and The White Stripes playing in year-Many other of their early old ages, and so a big and influential set visited Vera in the 80s, like Soundgarden, the Lemonheads, Yo La Tengo, Slayer, Bad Religion, NOFX. It is a few illustrations of cultural life and people ‘s life styles and pupils in the metropolis of groningen how they create inventions with their creativeness to construct and develop the civilization and growing of the metropolis of groningen over clip, until now. Fig. 5. vera groningen ( Soure: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vera-groningen.nl ) Not merely to develop the metropolis, groningen besides execute inter-regional cooperation through the provincial authorities with the states of Groningen and Drenthe are Frysland nighest incorporated in concerted partnership called Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland ( SNN ) . SNN aims to beef up the economic place of North Holland with a focal point on five economic secktor, such as: energy, detector engineering, H2O engineering, agriculture and wellness. Thus unfastened chances in the development and work together in instruction, research and civilization with bussiness, knowlegde establishments, public organitaion and other goverment bureaus among the states in Netherlandss and other states. In add-on, the provincial authorities besides conducts international cooperation partnership with German and Swedish authoritiess. Decision The metropolis of Groningen has met some of the stairss and features of some of the mentions mentioned in the city, the metropolis of Groningen has is the capital metropolis of the local community centre on the north netherland. The figure of occupations in the metropolis of groningen attract occupation searchers from assorted metropoliss around groningen, Netherlands towns in other assorted universe even came looking for life in this beautiful metropolis. Known as the instruction metropolis with one of the best universities in Europe and even in the universe with a assortment of pupils from assorted parts of the universe semen to acquire the best pedidikan. Spatial planning and urban planning that is modern with good conveyance development to back up the mobility of people in the metropolis and commuters who work in the metropolis of Groningen which can be regarded as feature of a metropolitan metropolis. People ‘s lives better life style and night life with amusement installations, shopping promenades with international quality that have made life image groningen metropolis city. Metropolis is non merely how large the size of the metropolis, and occupants of the metropolis, but what about the features of the metropolis with a batch of maps in it and is an of import function for the nearby towns and metropoliss urban life Creative, advanced, and how to make a modern metropolis as a city. Due to the size of the population and is non a big metropolis, a city with a assortment of maps that have been described in the reappraisal above makes an overview of the metropolis as a metropolitan metropolis groningen, so I think that the metropolis of Groningen can be considered as a mini – city. Refference In Search of Metropolitan Definitions: Lessons From Metro Davao Ruben G. Mercado1998 ( Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper Series No. 98-29 ) Van Steen, Paul. ( 2014 ) Society and Space: The City of Groningen, Lecture Materials, Spatial Problems & A ; Spatial Policies Spring 2014 Provincie Groningen hypertext transfer protocol: //www.provinciegroningen.nl/ Vera Groningen, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vera-groningen.nl/ Keys Figure 2010, Gementee Groningen Angotti, T ( 1993 ) Metropolis 2000: Planning, Poverty and Politics. London, Routledge Reif, Heinz. ( 2006 ) . Metropolen. Geschichte, Begriffe, Methoden. TU Berlin, Transatlantisches Graduiertenkolleg. ( CMS Working Paper Series, 001-2006 ) . Funtion citi of groningen to sorruoding are The funtion doesn’t have from other metropolis That makes metropolis of groningen mini city 1